Compositions and methods for inhibiting arginase activity

ABSTRACT

The disclosure relates to a novel class of compounds that exhibit activity inhibitory activity toward arginase, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the disclosure. Also provided herein are methods of treating cancer with the arginase inhibitors of the disclosure.

BACKGROUND

Cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the body,leading to the invasion of essential organs and often death. Initially,the pharmacological treatment of cancer utilized non-specific cytotoxicagents that targeted all rapidly dividing cells, including normal cells.These non-specific cytotoxic agents have anti-tumor effects but theiruse is often limited by severe toxicities. As the understanding of theproteins and pathways that enable cancer cells to thrive has evolved,newer more targeted agents have been developed that block specificproteins that are activated in cancer cells.

An emerging field for the development of therapeutics that addresses thechallenges presented in treating cancers is immuno-oncology, alsoreferred to as tumor immunology. Certain tumor types have developedmechanisms to escape destruction by the body's immune system. Tumorimmunology is a therapeutic area focused on activating the body's ownimmune system to attack and kill tumors. The naturally occurring aminoacid arginine is implicated in tumor immunology, as it is important forthe activation, growth, and survival of a body's cancer-fightingcytotoxic T-cells. However, levels of arginine are depleted in the tumormicroenvironment by arginase, an enzyme produced and secreted byneutrophils and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that accumulatein cancer patients of multiple histotypes. In fact, elevated levels ofarginase enzyme have been observed in the plasma of renal cellcarcinoma, breast cancer, chronic myelogenous leukemia, esophagealcancer, prostate cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, glioblastoma, andacute myeloid leukemia patients. Therefore, there is a need to developinhibitors of arginase that restore arginine levels in the tumormicroenvironment, thus promoting the tumor-killing activity of cytotoxicT-cells.

SUMMARY OF DISCLOSURE

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a series compoundsuseful for the inhibition of arginase. The compounds of the disclosurehave a structure of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

wherein R^(b), X, R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are defined as set forth in thedetailed discussion of the disclosure section, below.

In certain embodiments, the

structure in the compounds of formula (I) represents an alpha-amino acidresidue, wherein X═O and the terminal amine is optionally substitutedwith R³. In such embodiments, R¹ group is an alpha-amino acid sidechain. Suitable amino acid side chains include those of naturally andnon-naturally occurring amino acids. For instance, in some embodimentsR¹ is an amino acid side chain of Arg, His, Lys, Asp, Glu, Ser, Thr,Asn, Gln, Cys, Sec, Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Tyr, or Trp, inparticular of Gly, Ser, or Ala. In certain embodiments, R¹ is an aminoacid side chain of Gly, Ala, or Ser. In such embodiments, R¹ may takethe R- or S-configuration.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure also provides pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising a compound of the disclosure and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides methods of treating orpreventing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereofa therapeutically effective amount of a compound or pharmaceuticalcomposition of the disclosure.

The disclosure further provides methods for treating or preventingcancer, comprising conjointly administering to a subject in need thereofan arginase inhibitor of the disclosure and one or more additionalchemotherapeutic agents.

In particular embodiments, the disclosure provides methods for treatingor preventing cancer, comprising conjointly administering to a subjectin need thereof an arginase inhibitor of the disclosure and an inhibitorof indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). The IDO inhibitor may be acompound disclosed in, or a compound having a structure of any one ofthe formulas disclosed herein. In particular embodiments, the IDOinhibitor is epacadostat.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the structure of compound 10e obtained by X-ray diffractionwith 50% thermal ellipsoid probability levels. Most hydrogen atoms havebeen omitted for clarity.

FIG. 2 shows NMR spectra (in D₂O) showing the conversion of compound 10(referred to as compound A in the figure) to compound 10e (referred toas compound B in the figure) and back to compound 10 (referred to ascompound C in the figure).[

FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the tumor volume over time. Arginaseinhibitor compound 10, administered as a single agent, slows tumorgrowth relative to control in C57BL/6 mice implanted with Lewis LungCarcinoma cells.

FIG. 4 is a graph depicting the tumor volume over time. Madison109murine lung carcinoma cells were implanted in BALB/c mice and mice weredosed orally with vehicle or arginase inhibitor compound 10 BID (N=10per group).

FIG. 5 is a graph depicting the tumor volume over time. B16F10 murinemelanoma cells were implanted in C57BL/6 mice and mice were dosed orallywith vehicle or arginase inhibitor compound 10 BID (N=10 per group).

FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B depict the growth of 4T1 mammary carcinoma cellsimplanted orthotopically into female BALB/c mice and treated with eithervehicle; compound 10 (100 mg/kg PO BID); anti-CTLA-4 (5 mg/kg IP on Days2, 5, 8) plus anti-PD-1 (5 mg/kg IP on days 3, 6, and 9); or thecombination of Compound 10 with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 (N=10 pergroup; *P<0.05; ***P<0.001, **** P<0.0001 vs vehicle).

FIG. 7 is a graph of the sorption isotherm of compound 10e.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to compounds and compositions useful forthe inhibition of arginase, as well as to various therapeuticapplications thereof. The inventors' previous studies focused on a classof small molecules having (i) amino acid and (ii) boronic acid-typemoieties, such as the compounds generically represented by Formula A,below. Compounds of Formula A were determined to be useful in theinhibition of arginase.

Suprisingly, the inventors discovered that when a free base of compoundof Formula A was treated with an anhydrous alcohol, a cyclic alkoxylatedcompound of formula (I) could be isolated. Unlike many prodrugs, suchcyclic alkoxylated compounds of formula (I) do not require an enzymaticprocess to reveal the underlying arginase inhibitor compounds; rather,exposure of a compound of formula (I) to water or an aqueous environment(e.g., upon oral dosing) will generate the “underlying” arginaseinhibitor, e.g., the compound of formula (A). Typically, these cyclicalkoxylated compounds of formula (I) exhibit improved processing andhandling properties, higher purity, and better stability as compared totheir uncyclized counterparts.

Compounds of the Disclosure

Accordingly, the disclosure provides a compound having a structure offormula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

wherein the definitions of R^(b), X, R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are defined below

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a compound having astructure of formula (I′):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;    -   wherein:    -   R^(b) is selected from H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl,        —C(O)O(alkyl), and —C(O)O(aryl);    -   X is O or S;    -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from H, alkyl, —CH₂OH,        alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl,        heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,        aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl; or    -   R¹ and R² are taken together with the intervening atoms to form        a 3- to 7-membered ring; and    -   R³ is H or alkyl;    -   or R¹ and R³ are taken together with the intervening atoms to        form a 5- to 7-membered ring; and    -   R⁴ is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R² is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R^(b) is H oralkyl. In particular embodiments, R^(b) is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, X is O.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, if R¹ is H, thenR³ is not benzyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ is H. In somesuch embodiments R² is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, if R¹ is benzyl,then R³ is not methyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ is aralkyl,heteroaralkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, or (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ is aralkyl orheteroaralkyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ is benzyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ is not benzylsubstituted by —CF₃.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ isheteroaralkyl. In particular embodiments R¹ is —CH₂-(1H-imidazol-4-yl).

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ is alkyl,alkenyl, or alkynyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ is(C₁-C₄)alkyl. In some such embodiments, R² is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ is methyl. Insome such embodiments, R² is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ is selectedfrom cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ is —CH₂OH. Insome such embodiments, R² is H.

In certain embodiments, both R¹ and R² are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ and R² aretaken together with the intervening atoms to form a 5- to 7-memberedring.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R³ is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ and R³ aretaken together with the intervening atoms to form a 5-membered ring.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ and R³ takentogether with the intervening atoms do not form a 5-membered ring.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ and R³ aretaken together with the intervening atoms to form a 6- or 7-memberedring.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R¹ and R³, takentogether with the intervening atoms, do not form atetrahydroisoquinolinyl ring, e.g.,

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′, R⁴ is(C₁-C₄)alkyl. In particular embodiments the lower alkyl group isselected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl and isobutyl. Inparticular embodiments, R⁴ is ethyl. In other particular embodiments, R⁴is isopropyl.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a compound having astructure of formula (I″):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;    -   wherein:    -   R^(b) is H or is selected from optionally substituted alkyl,        alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), and —C(O)O(aryl);    -   X is O or S;    -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from H and optionally        substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,        (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl,        aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl;    -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the intervening atoms to        form an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered ring; and    -   R³ is H or optionally substituted alkyl;    -   or R¹ and R³ are taken together with the intervening atoms to        form an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered ring; and    -   R⁴ is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a compound having astructure of formula (I′″):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;    -   wherein:    -   R^(b) is H or is a group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,        acyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), and —C(O)O(aryl), wherein said group is        optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from        hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, —SH, —S-(alkyl), —SeH,        —Se-(alkyl), aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,        amino, carboxylic acid, ester, guanidino, and amido;    -   X is O or S;    -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from H or a group        selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,        (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl,        aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl, wherein said group        is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected        from hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, —SH, —S-(alkyl), —SeH,        —Se-(alkyl), aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,        amino, carboxylic acid, ester, guanidino, and amido; or    -   R¹ and R² are taken together with the intervening atoms to form        a 3- to 7-membered ring, wherein the 3- to 7-membered ring is        optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected        from hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, —SH, —S-(alkyl), —SeH,        —Se-(alkyl), aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,        amino, carboxylic acid, ester, guanidino, and amido; and    -   R³ is H or alkyl optionally substituted with one or more        substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy,        —SH, —S-(alkyl), —SeH, —Se-(alkyl), aryl, heteroaryl,        cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, amino, carboxylic acid, ester,        guanidino, and amido;    -   or R¹ and R³ are taken together with the intervening atoms to        form a 5- to 7-membered ring, wherein the 5- to 7-membered ring        is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected        from hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, —SH, —S-(alkyl), —SeH,        —Se-(alkyl), aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,        amino, carboxylic acid, ester, guanidino, and amido; and    -   R⁴ is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R² is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R^(b) is H oralkyl. In particular embodiments, R^(b) is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, X is O.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, if R¹ is H, thenR³ is not benzyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ is H. In somesuch embodiments R² is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, if R¹ is benzyl,then R³ is not methyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ is aralkyl,heteroaralkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, or (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ is aralkyl orheteroaralkyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ is benzyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ is not benzylsubstituted by —CF₃.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ isheteroaralkyl. In particular embodiments R¹ is —CH₂-(1H-imidazol-4-yl).

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ is alkyl,alkenyl, or alkynyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″ R¹ is alkyloptionally substituted by one or more substituents independentlyselected from hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkyl, and —S-(alkyl).

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ is(C₁-C₄)alkyl. In some such embodiments, R² is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ is methyl. Insome such embodiments, R² is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ is —CH₂OH. Insome such embodiments, R² is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ is selectedfrom cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl. In some suchembodiments, the cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl groupis optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxy,halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, —SH, and —S-(alkyl).

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ is —CH₂OH. Insome such embodiments, R² is H.

In certain embodiments the compound of formula I′″, R¹ is an amino acidside chain of Arg, His, Lys, Asp, Glu, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln, Cys, Sec,Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Tyr, or Trp.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ and R² aretaken together with the intervening atoms to form a 5- to 7-memberedring.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R³ is H.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ and R³ aretaken together with the intervening atoms to form a 5-membered ring.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ and R³ takentogether with the intervening atoms do not form a 5-membered ring.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ and R³ aretaken together with the intervening atoms to form a 6- or 7-memberedring.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R¹ and R³, takentogether with the intervening atoms, do not form atetrahydroisoquinolinyl ring, e.g.,

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I′″, R⁴ is(C₁-C₄)alkyl. In particular embodiments the lower alkyl group isselected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl and isobutyl. Inparticular embodiments, R⁴ is ethyl. In other particular embodiments, R⁴is isopropyl.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a compound having astructure of formula (I*):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;    -   wherein:    -   R¹ is selected from H or a group selected from alkyl, alkenyl,        alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl,        (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and        heteroaralkyl, wherein said group is optionally substituted by        one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl,        alkoxy, —SH, —S-(alkyl), —SeH, —Se-(alkyl), aryl, heteroaryl,        cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, amino, carboxylic acid, ester,        guanidino, and amido; and    -   R⁴ is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I*, R¹ is aralkyl,heteroaralkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, or (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I*, R¹ is aralkyl orheteroaralkyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I*, R¹ is benzyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I*, R¹ is not benzylsubstituted by —CF₃.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I*, R¹ isheteroaralkyl. In particular embodiments R¹ is —CH₂-(1H-imidazol-4-yl).

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I*, R¹ is alkyl,alkenyl, or alkynyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I*, R¹ is alkyloptionally substituted by one or more substituents independentlyselected from hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkyl, and —S-(alkyl).

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I*, R¹ is(C₁-C₄)alkyl. In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I*, R¹is methyl.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I*, R¹ is selectedfrom cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl. In some suchembodiments, the cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl groupis optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxy,halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, —SH, and —S-(alkyl).

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I*, R¹ is —CH₂OH.

In certain embodiments the compound of formula I*, R¹ is an amino acidside chain of Arg, His, Lys, Asp, Glu, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln, Cys, Sec,Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Tyr, or Trp.

In certain embodiments of the compound of formula I*, R⁴ is(C₁-C₄)alkyl. In particular embodiments the lower alkyl group isselected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl and isobutyl. Inparticular embodiments, R⁴ is ethyl. In other particular embodiments, R⁴is isopropyl.

In a particular embodiment, the compound of formula I* has the followingstructure:

The compound may be a free base or may be ionized to form apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another particular embodiment, the compound of formula I* thefollowing structure:

The compound may be a free base or may be ionized to form apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another particular embodiment, the compound of formula I* has thefollowing structure:

The compound may be a free base or may be ionized to form apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another particular embodiment, the compound of formula I* has thefollowing structure:

The compound may be a free base or may be ionized to form apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another particular embodiment, the compound of formula I* has thefollowing structure:

The compound may be a free base or may be ionized to form apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another particular embodiment, the compound of formula I* has thefollowing structure:

The compound may be a free base or may be ionized to form apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a structure offormula (Ia):

In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a structure offormula (Ib):

In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a structure offormula (Ic):

In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a structure offormula (Id):

In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a structure offormula (Ie):

In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a structure offormula (If):

In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a structure offormula (Ig):

In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a structure offormula (Ih):

For the compounds of formulas (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), (If), (Ig)and (Ih), the variables R^(b), X, R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are as describedabove for the various formulas falling within formula (I).

It will be understood that any recitation of the compound of formula (I)in the disclosure below includes the compounds of formulas (I′), (I″),(I′″), (I*), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), (If), (Ig) and (Ih).

Related arginase inhibitors are described in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication Nos. 2014/0343019, 2012/0083469, 2014/0371175, 2012/0129806,2015/0080341, and PCT Application Publication Nos. WO 99/19295, WO2010/085797, and WO 2012/091757, which are hereby incorporated byreference herein in their entirety. Such related arginase inhibitors areexpected to form cyclic alkoxylated compounds similar to the compoundsof the disclosure when they are treated with an anhydrous alcohol. Insome embodiments, an anhydrous alcohol comprises 1-5% water, preferably<1% water, most preferably <0.5% water.

For example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0129806discloses the arginase inhibitor of formula J:

wherein:

-   -   R² is selected from H, straight or branched (C₁-C₆) alkyl, and        (C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)—;    -   W, X, Y, and Z are each independently selected from        —C(R′)(R′″)—, —C(R′″)₂—, —CR′″—, —NR′″—, —N—, —O—, —C(O)—, and        —S—, wherein no more than three of W, X, Y, and Z simultaneously        represent a bond; at least one of W, X, Y, or Z is selected from        —NR′″—, —N—, —O—, and —S—; and no two adjacent members of W, X,        Y, and Z are simultaneously —O—, —S—, —N—, or —NR′″—;    -   l, m, n and p are each independently 0 or 1 or 2;

optionally represents one or more double bonds;

-   -   D is selected from straight or branched (C₃-C₅)alkylene;    -   R′, R″ and R′″ are each independently selected from H, OH,        S(O)R^(d), S(O)₂R^(d), (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)aryl, —NH₂,        —NH(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —N[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂, —C(O)NR^(d)R^(e),        —C(O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(O)(C₃-C₁₄)aryl, —C(O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —C(O)O(C₃-C₁₄)aryl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₁₄)heterocycloalkyl,        —C(O)(C₃-C₁₄)heterocycloalkyl, (C₃-C₁₄)heteroaryl,        (C₃-C₁₄)aryl-(C₁-C₆)alkylene-, —C(O)        (C₃-C₁₄)aryl-(C₁-C₆)alkylene-, —C(O)(C₃-C₁₄)aryl,        (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₆)alkylene-,        (C₃-C₁₄)heteroaryl-(C₁-C₆)alkylene-, and        (C₃-C₁₄)heterocycle-(C₁-C₆)alkylene-;    -   wherein any alkyl, alkylene, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or        heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more        members selected from halogen, oxo, —COOH, —CN, —NO₂, —OH,        —NR^(d)R^(e), —NR^(g)S(O)₂R^(h), (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₁₄)aryl,        (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl and (C₃-C₁₄)aryloxy;

wherein R^(d), R^(e), R^(g), and R^(h) are each independently selectedfrom H, straight or branched (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted(C₃-C₁₄)aryl(C₁-C₆)alkylene-, optionally substituted (C₃-C₁₄)aryl,(C₁-C₆)hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₆)aminoalkyl, H₂N(C₁-C₆)alkylene-, optionallysubstituted (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted(C₃-C₁₄)heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted (C₃-C₁₄)heteroaryl,optionally substituted (C₃-C₁₄)aryl-(C₁-C₆)alkylene-, NR′R″C(O)—, and(C₃-C₆)aryl-(C₃-C₁₄)-cycloalkylene-.

Upon treatment with an anhydrous alcohol, the compound of formula J cancyclize to form the compound of Formula B:

wherein R⁵ is H or lower alkyl, and the remaining variables are asdefined for Formula J.

In certain embodiments of the compound of Formula B, R⁵ is lower alkyl,preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl. Most preferably, R⁵ isethyl.

In certain embodiments, D is propylene.

In certain embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure may have aprodrug modification, e.g., at the R¹ position. For example, compoundsof Formula I may have R¹ equal to an amino acid side chain of an aminoacid such as Arg or Lys. In certain such embodiments, the guanidino oramino group of such a side chain may be protected as, for example, anamide. Alternatively, in embodiments in which R¹ is a side chain of aserine residue, a hydroxyl group in the parent compound may be presentedas an ester or a carbonate. In yet further embodiments in which R¹ is aside chain of a glutamic acid residue, a carboxylic acid group presentin the parent compound may be presented as an ester. In certain suchembodiments, the prodrug is metabolized to the active parent compound invivo (e.g., the amide is hydrolyzed to the corresponding amino orguanidino group, the ester or carbonate is hydrolyzed to the hydroxyl,or the ester is hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid).

In certain embodiments, compounds of the disclosure may be racemic. Incertain embodiments, compounds of the disclosure may be enriched in oneenantiomer. For example, a compound of the disclosure may have greaterthan 30% ee, 40% ee, 50% ee, 60% ee, 70% ee, 80% ee, 90% ee, or even 95%or greater ee.

The compounds of the disclosure have more than one stereocenter.Accordingly, the compounds of the disclosure may be enriched in one ormore diastereomers. For example, a compound of the disclosure may havegreater than 30% de, 40% de, 50% de, 60% de, 70% de, 80% de, 90% de, oreven 95% or greater de. In certain embodiments, the compounds of thedisclosure have substantially one isomeric configuration at one or morestereogenic centers, and have multiple isomeric configutations at theremaining stereogenic centers.

In certain embodiments, the enantiomeric excess of the stereocenterbearing R¹ is at least 40% ee, 50% ee, 60% ee, 70% ee, 80% ee, 90% ee,92% ee, 94% ee, 95% ee, 96% ee, 98% ee or greater ee.

As used herein, single bonds drawn without stereochemistry do notindicate the stereochemistry of the compound. The compound of formula(I) provides an example of a compound for which no stereochemistry isindicated.

As used herein, hashed or bolded non-wedge bonds indicate relative, butnot absolute, stereochemical configuration (e.g., do not distinguishbetween enantiomers of a given diastereomer). For example, in formula(Ia),

the bold, non-wedge bonds indicate that the —CO₂R^(a) group and the(CH₂)₃B(OR^(c))₂ group are configured to be cis to one another, but thebold, non-wedge bonds do not represent the absolute (i.e., R or S)configuration of the compound.

As used herein, hashed or bolded wedge bonds indicate absolutestereochemical configuration. For example, in formula (Ic),

the bold, wedge bond indicates the absolute configuration of thestereocenter to which it is attached, while the bold, non-wedge bondsindicate that the —CO₂R^(a) group and the (CH₂)₃B(OR^(c))₂ group areconfigured to be cis to one another, but do not indicate the absoluteconfiguration of those stereocenters. Therefore, the compound of formula(Ic) represents two isomers in total:

In certain embodiments, a therapeutic preparation of the compound of thedisclosure may be enriched to provide predominantly one enantiomer of acompound. An enantiomerically enriched mixture may comprise, forexample, at least 60 mol percent of one enantiomer, or more preferablyat least 75, 90, 95, or even 99 mol percent. In certain embodiments, thecompound enriched in one enantiomer is substantially free of the otherenantiomer, wherein substantially free means that the substance inquestion makes up less than 10%, or less than 5%, or less than 4%, orless than 3%, or less than 2%, or less than 1% as compared to the amountof the other enantiomer, e.g., in the composition or compound mixture.For example, if a composition or compound mixture contains 98 grams of afirst enantiomer and 2 grams of a second enantiomer, it would be said tocontain 98 mol percent of the first enantiomer and only 2% of the secondenantiomer.

In certain embodiments, a therapeutic preparation may be enriched toprovide predominantly one diastereomer of the compound of thedisclosure. A diastereomerically enriched mixture may comprise, forexample, at least 60 mol percent of one diastereomer, or more preferablyat least 75, 90, 95, or even 99 mol percent.

In certain embodiments, a preparation of the compound of the disclosuremay comprise at least 50 mol %, at least 60 mol %, at least 70 mol %, atleast 80 mol %, at least 90 mol %, or at least 95 mol % of the cyclicalkoxylated compounds of the disclosure. In certain such embodiments,the balance of the preparation is the uncyclized free boronic estercounterpart or the cyclized but unesterified boronic acid (e.g., FormulaI, R⁴═H; Scheme 1).

In certain embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure exhibit animproved pharmacokinetic profile relative to existing arginaseinhibitors. In one embodiment, the cyclic alkoxylated compounds of thedisclosure, when administered to a subject or a number of subjects,provide an increased (or decreased) T max relative to that obtained byadministration of a uncyclized free boronic ester counterpart, asreferred to herein, of at least about 10%, or at least about 20%, or atleast about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, and undersimilar conditions and administered in similar dosages. In oneembodiment, the cyclic alkoxylated compounds compounds of thedisclosure, when administered to a subject or a number of subjects,provide an increased (or decreased) C max relative to that obtained byadministration of a uncyclized free boronic ester counterpart, asreferred to herein, of at least about 10%, or at least about 20%, or atleast about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, and undersimilar conditions and administered in similar dosages.

In certain embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure exhibit improvedbioavailability relative to existing arginase inhibitors. In oneembodiment, the cyclic alkoxylated compounds of the disclosure, whenadministered to a subject or a number of subjects, provide an increasedbioavailability relative to that obtained by administration of anuncyclized free boronic ester counterpart (e.g., compounds of Formula Jdescribed herein) of at least about 20%, or at least about 25%, or atleast about 30%, or at least about 35%, or at least about 40%, or atleast about 45%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 55%, or atleast about 60%, such as at least 65%, the bioavailability beingdetermined as AUC(0-infinity) and under similar conditions andadministered in similar dosages.

The cyclic alkoxylated compounds of the disclosure are typically lesshygroscopic than their free boronic ester counterparts (e.g., compoundsof Formula J described herein). For example, compound 10e, pictured inthe examples, has low water content and is resistant to absorbance ofwater up to about 60% relative humidity, whereas its free boronic acidcounterpart, compound 10, has higher water content and absorbsincreasing amounts of water as the humidity increases, resulting in aless well defined composition.

The cyclic alkoxylated compounds of the disclosure can be about 50%,45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5% less hygroscopic thantheir free boronic ester counterparts as measured by standardtechniques, such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) or dynamic vaporsorption (DVS). These values can be used for define a range, such asfrom about 40% to about 20%.

In certain embodiments, the cyclic alkoxylated compounds of thedisclosure are crystalline. The cyclic alkoxylated compounds of thedisclosure typically have higher degrees of crystallinity than theirfree boronic ester counterparts (e.g., compounds of Formula J describedherein). For instance, compound 10e also shows defined peaks by powderX-ray diffraction which are not seen for its free boronic acidcounterpart, compound 10, which is amorphous.

In certain embodiments, the cyclic alkoxylated compounds of thedisclosure have a purity level of greater than 96%, 97%, or 98%. Incertain embodiments, the cyclic alkoxylated compounds of the disclosurehave a purity level of greater than 99%. In certain embodiments, thecyclic alkoxylated compounds of the disclosure have a purity level ofgreater than 99.5%. In certain embodiments, the cyclic alkoxylatedcompounds of the disclosure have a purity level of greater than 99.8%.

As a result, the cyclic alkoxylated compounds of the disclosure may haveadvantageous properties, allowing the preparation of more stablecompositions, exhibiting better handling properties in the manufacturingprocess, and ultimately can result in compositions having higher purityand stability. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a cyclic alkoxylated compound of the disclosure, when exposedto an environment of at least 50% humidity for at least 24 hours, takesup less than 50% (preferably less than 25%, or even less than 10% or 5%)of the water that a corresponding composition of an uncyclized freeboronic ester counterpart of the compound takes up under identicalconditions.

In certain embodiments, the cyclic alkoxylated compounds of the presentdisclosure exhibit improved stability, such as improved storagestability, with respect to structurally related compounds that have afree and non-cyclized boronic acid group (e.g., compounds of Formula Jdescribed herein). For example, the present compounds or pharmaceuticalcompositions, may exhibit improved storage stability by exhibiting lessthan about 10%, 7%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0.5% impurities by weightfollowing storage under stressed conditions. Stressed conditions includestorage over at least one, two, three, four, five, or six months at 25°C. and 60% RH, at 30° C. and 65% RH, or at 40° C. and 75% RH. Suchcompounds or compositions may be considered to be storage stable. Insome embodiments, the impurities are associated with decomposition ordegradation of the subject compound. Determination of the amount ofimpurities present in a sample of the present compounds orpharmaceutical compositions that has been subjected to stressedconditions may be performed by typical analytical methods known in theart, such as by HPLC or NMR analysis.

In certain embodiments, the present compounds or pharmaceuticalcompositions, exhibit improved storage stability by exhibiting little orno change in purity profile after being subject to stressed conditionsas defined herein. For instance, following being subjected to stressedconditions, the cyclic alkoxylated compounds of the disclosure orpharmaceutical compositions comprising the cyclic alkoxylated compoundsof the disclosure may exhibit a decrease in purity of about 10, 7, 5, 4,3, 2, 1, or 0.5 percentage points or less (e.g., a decrease from 98%purity to 97% purity would be a decrease of 1 percentage point or less).

Methods of Treatment

Several specific approaches to T-cell activation have shown considerablerecent promise in the treatment of tumors. One such approach involvesactivation of T-cells by blockade of the T-cell surface antigen CTLA-4by the antibody ipilimumab. A second approach is to prevent theactivation of immune checkpoints by blocking the interaction ofprogrammed cell death 1 protein, or PD-1, expressed on T-cells and itsligand, PD-L1 found on many tumors. A third approach is to activate theT-cell receptor by supplying key stimulating factors or nutrients suchas tryptophan.

Inhibitors of indoleamine dioxygenase, or IDO, have been shown torestore extracellular tryptophan without which the T-cell receptorcannot become active. Arginine, like tryptophan, is an amino acid thatis fundamental to the function of cytotoxic T-cells. Without arginine,tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cells fail to express a functional T-cellreceptor on their surface and as a result are unable to activate,proliferate, or mount an effective anti-tumor response. In response totumor-secreted factors, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, or MDSCs,accumulate around the tumor and secrete the enzyme arginase, resultingin depletion of arginine from the tumor microenvironment.

Depletion of arginine due to elevated levels of arginase has beenobserved in renal cell carcinoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Inaddition, significant MDSC infiltrates have been observed in pancreatic,breast and other tumor types. Certain embodiments of the presentdisclosure provide a method of treating cancer by increasing argininelevels in a tumor microenvironment, thereby allowing activation of thebody's cytotoxic T-cells.

One means of increasing arginine levels in the tumor microenvironment isby inhibiting arginase. Inhibitors of arginase, such as the compounds ofthe disclosure, may promote an anti-tumor immune response by restoringarginine levels, thereby allowing activation of the body's cytotoxicT-cells.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the disclosure provides methods fortreating or preventing cancer, comprising administering to a subject inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula(I) (which includes compounds of formulas (I′), (I″), (I′″), (I*), (Ia),(Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), (If), (Ig) and (Ih)), or a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising said compound.

In certain embodiments, the cancer that is treated by the methods of thedisclosure is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia(AML), Adrenocortical Carcinoma, Anal Cancer, Appendix Cancer, AtypicalTeratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Bile Duct Cancer, BladderCancer, Bone Cancer, Brain Tumor, Astrocytoma, Brain and Spinal CordTumor, Brain Stem Glioma, Central Nervous System AtypicalTeratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor, Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors, BreastCancer, Bronchial Tumors, Burkitt Lymphoma, Carcinoid Tumor, Carcinomaof Unknown Primary, Central Nervous System Cancer, Cervical Cancer,Childhood Cancers, Chordoma, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), ChronicMyelogenous Leukemia (CML), Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders, ColonCancer, Colorectal Cancer, Craniopharyngioma, Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma,Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS), Embryonal Tumors, Endometrial Cancer,Ependymoblastoma, Ependymoma, Esophageal Cancer, Esthesioneuroblastoma,Ewing Sarcoma, Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor, Extragonadal Germ CellTumor, Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer, Eye Cancer, Fibrous Histiocytomaof Bone, Gallbladder Cancer, Gastric Cancer, Gastrointestinal CarcinoidTumor, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST), Germ Cell Tumor,Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor, Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor, Ovarian GermCell Tumor, Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor, Glioma, Hairy CellLeukemia, Head and Neck Cancer, Heart Cancer, Hepatocellular Cancer,Histiocytosis, Langerhans Cell Cancer, Hodgkin Lymphoma, HypopharyngealCancer, Intraocular Melanoma, Islet Cell Tumors, Kaposi Sarcoma, KidneyCancer, Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Laryngeal Cancer, Leukemia, Lipand Oral Cavity Cancer, Liver Cancer, Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS),Lung Cancer, Lymphoma, AIDS-Related Lymphoma, Macroglobulinemia, MaleBreast Cancer, Medulloblastoma, Medulloepithelioma, Melanoma, MerkelCell Carcinoma, Malignant Mesothelioma, Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancerwith Occult Primary, Midline Tract Carcinoma Involving NUT Gene, MouthCancer, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome, Multiple Myeloma/PlasmaCell Neoplasm, Mycosis Fungoides, Myelodysplastic Syndrome,Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasm, Chronic MyelogenousLeukemia (CIVIL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Myeloma, MultipleMyeloma, Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorder, Nasal Cavity Cancer,Paranasal Sinus Cancer, Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Neuroblastoma,Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Oral Cancer, OralCavity Cancer, Lip Cancer, Oropharyngeal Cancer, Osteosarcoma, OvarianCancer, Pancreatic Cancer, Papillomatosis, Paraganglioma, ParanasalSinus Cancer, Nasal Cavity Cancer, Parathyroid Cancer, Penile Cancer,Pharyngeal Cancer, Pheochromocytoma, Pineal Parenchymal Tumors ofIntermediate Differentiation, Pineoblastoma, Pituitary Tumor, PlasmaCell Neoplasm, Pleuropulmonary Blastoma, Breast Cancer, Primary CentralNervous System (CNS) Lymphoma, Prostate Cancer, Rectal Cancer, RenalCell Cancer, Renal Pelvis Cancer, Ureter Cancer, Transitional CellCancer, Retinoblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Salivary Gland Cancer,Sarcoma, Sézary Syndrome, Skin Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, SmallIntestine Cancer, Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, SquamousNeck Cancer with Occult Primary, Stomach Cancer, SupratentorialPrimitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, T-Cell Lymphoma, Testicular Cancer,Throat Cancer, Thymoma, Thymic Carcinoma, Thyroid Cancer, TransitionalCell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter, Gestational TrophoblasticTumor, Unknown Primary, Unusual Cancer of Childhood, Urethral Cancer,Uterine Cancer, Uterine Sarcoma, Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, or WilmsTumor.

In certain embodiments, the cancer that is treated by the methods of thedisclosure is a variety of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), breast cancer,colorectal cancer, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), esophagealcancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, non-small cell lungcarcinoma (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, or renal cancer.

In certain embodiments, the cancer is selected from bladder cancer,breast cancer (including TNBC), cervical cancer, colorectal cancer,chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL), esophageal adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer,leukemia (acute and chronic), low-grade glioma, lung cancer (includingadenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and squamous cellcarcinoma), Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), melanoma,multiple myeloma (MM), ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostatecancer, renal cancer (including renal clear cell carcinoma and kidneypapillary cell carcinoma), and stomach cancer.

Combination therapy is an important treatment modality in many diseasesettings, such as cancer. Recent scientific advances have increased ourunderstanding of the pathophysiological processes that underlie theseand other complex diseases. This increased understanding has providedimpetus to develop new therapeutic approaches using combinations ofdrugs directed at multiple therapeutic targets to improve treatmentresponse, minimize development of resistance, or minimize adverseevents. In settings in which combination therapy provides significanttherapeutic advantages, there is growing interest in the development ofcombinations with new investigational drugs, such as arginaseinhibitors.

When considering the administration of multiple therapeutic agentstogether, one must be concerned about what sort of drug interactionswill be observed. This action can be positive (when the drug's effect isincreased) or antagonistic (when the drug's effect is decreased) or anew side effect can be produced that neither produces on its own.

When the interaction causes an increase in the effects of one or both ofthe drugs the interaction, the degree to which the final effect of thecombined drugs is greater than administering either drug alone can becalculated resulting in what is called the “combination index” (CI)(Chou and Talalay, 1984). A combination index at or around 1 isconsidered “additive”; whereas a value greater than 1 is considered“synergistic”.

The present disclosure provides methods for combination therapy intreating or preventing cancer comprising an arginase inhibitor (e.g., acompound of the disclosure) and one or more additional chemotherapeuticagents.

Certain embodiments of the disclosure relate to treating cancercomprising conjointly administering a chemotherapeutic agent and acompound of the disclosure.

In certain embodiments, the chemotherapeutic is an immune-stimulatingagent. For example, the immune-stimulating agent may be apro-inflammatory agent.

The chemotherapeutic agent that may be conjointly administered with thearginase inhibitors described herein in the methods of the disclosureinclude ABT-263, afatinib dimaleate, aminoglutethimide, amsacrine,anastrozole, asparaginase, axitinib, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine(bcg), bevacizumab, BEZ235, bicalutamide, bleomycin, bortezomib,buserelin, busulfan, cabozantinib, campothecin, capecitabine,carboplatin, carfilzomib, carmustine, ceritinib, chlorambucil,chloroquine, cisplatin, cladribine, clodronate, cobimetinib, colchicine,crizotinib, cyclophosphamide, cyproterone, cytarabine, dacarbazine,dactinomycin, daunorubicin, demethoxyviridin, dexamethasone,dichloroacetate, dienestrol, diethylstilbestrol, docetaxel, doxorubicin,epirubicin, eribulin, erlotinib, estradiol, estramustine, etoposide,everolimus, exemestane, filgrastim, fludarabine, fludrocortisone,fluorouracil and 5-fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, flutamide, gefitinib,gemcitabine, genistein, goserelin, GSK1120212, hydroxyurea, idarubicin,ifosfamide, imatinib, interferon, irinotecan, ixabepilone, lenalidomide,letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide, levamisole, lomustine, lonidamine,mechlorethamine, medroxyprogesterone, megestrol, melphalan,mercaptopurine, mesna, metformin, methotrexate, miltefosine, MK2206,mitomycin, mitotane, mitoxantrone, mutamycin, nilutamide, nocodazole,octreotide, olaparib, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate, pazopanib,pemetrexed, pentostatin, perifosine, PF-04691502, plicamycin,pomalidomide, porfimer, procarbazine, raltitrexed, ramucirumab,rituximab, romidepsin, rucaparib, selumetinib, sirolimus, sorafenib,streptozocin, sunitinib, suramin, talazoparib, tamoxifen, temozolomide,temsirolimus, teniposide, testosterone, thalidomide, thioguanine,thiotepa, titanocene dichloride, topotecan, trametinib, trastuzumab,tretinoin, veliparib, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine,and vorinostat (SAHA).

In certain embodiments, the chemotherapeutic agent that may beadministered with the arginase inhibitors described herein in themethods of the disclosure include abagovomab, adecatumumab, afutuzumab,alemtuzumab, anatumomab mafenatox, apolizumab, atezolizumab,blinatumomab, BMS-936559, catumaxomab, durvalumab, epacadostat,epratuzumab, indoximod, inotuzumab ozogamicin, intelumumab, ipilimumab,isatuximab, lambrolizumab, MED14736, MGA012, MPDL3280A, nivolumab,obinutuzumab, ocaratuzumab, ofatumumab, olatatumab, pembrolizumab,pidilizumab, rituximab, ticilimumab, samalizumab, or tremelimumab.

In certain embodiments, the chemotherapeutic agent is ipilimumab,MGA012, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or pidilizumab.

Many combination therapies have been developed for the treatment ofcancer. In certain embodiments, compounds of the disclosure may beconjointly administered with a combination therapy. Examples ofcombination therapies with which compounds of the disclosure may beconjointly administered are included in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Exemplary combinatorial therapies for the treatment of cancer.Name Therapeutic agents ABV Doxorubicin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine ABVDDoxorubicin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine AC (Breast)Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide AC (Sarcoma) Doxorubicin, Cisplatin ACCyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin (Neuroblastoma) ACE Cyclophosphamide,Doxorubicin, Etoposide ACe Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin AD Doxorubicin,Dacarbazine AP Doxorubicin, Cisplatin ARAC-DNR Cytarabine, DaunorubicinB-CAVe Bleomycin, Lomustine, Doxorubicin, Vinblastine BCVPP Carmustine,Cyclophosphamide, Vinblastine, Procarbazine, Prednisone BEACOPPBleomycin, Etoposide, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine,Procarbazine, Prednisone, Filgrastim BEP Bleomycin, Etoposide, CisplatinBIP Bleomycin, Cisplatin, Ifosfamide, Mesna BOMP Bleomycin, Vincristine,Cisplatin, Mitomycin CA Cytarabine, Asparaginase CABO Cisplatin,Methotrexate, Bleomycin, Vincristine CAF Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin,Fluorouracil CAL-G Cyclophosphamide, Daunorubicin, Vincristine,Prednisone, Asparaginase CAMP Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin,Methotrexate, Procarbazine CAP Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, CisplatinCaT Carboplatin, Paclitaxel CAV Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin,Vincristine CAVE ADD CAV and Etoposide CA-VP16 Cyclophosphamide,Doxorubicin, Etoposide CC Cyclophosphamide, Carboplatin CDDP/VP-16Cisplatin, Etoposide CEF Cyclophosphamide, Epirubicin, FluorouracilCEPP(B) Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide, Prednisone, with orwithout/Bleomycin CEV Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide, Vincristine CFCisplatin, Fluorouracil or Carboplatin Fluorouracil CHAPCyclophosphamide or Cyclophosphamide, Altretamine, Doxorubicin,Cisplatin ChlVPP Chlorambucil, Vinblastine, Procarbazine, PrednisoneCHOP Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, Prednisone CHOP-BLEOAdd Bleomycin to CHOP CISCA Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, CisplatinCLD-BOMP Bleomycin, Cisplatin, Vincristine, Mitomycin CMF Methotrexate,Fluorouracil, Cyclophosphamide CMFP Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate,Fluorouracil, Prednisone CMFVP Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate,Fluorouracil, Vincristine, Prednisone CMV Cisplatin, Methotrexate,Vinblastine CNF Cyclophosphamide, Mitoxantrone, Fluorouracil CNOPCyclophosphamide, Mitoxantrone, Vincristine, Prednisone COB Cisplatin,Vincristine, Bleomycin CODE Cisplatin, Vincristine, Doxorubicin,Etoposide COMLA Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Methotrexate, Leucovorin,Cytarabine COMP Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Methotrexate, PrednisoneCooper Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, Fluorouracil, RegimenVincristine, Prednisone COP Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, PrednisoneCOPE Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Cisplatin, Etoposide COPPCyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Procarbazine, Prednisone CP(ChronicChlorambucil, Prednisone lymphocyte leukemia) CP (OvarianCyclophosphamide, Cisplatin Cancer) CT Cisplatin, Paclitaxel CVDCisplatin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine CVI Carboplatin, Etoposide,Ifosfamide, Mesna CVP Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisome CVPPLomustine, Procarbazine, Prednisone CYVADIC Cyclophosphamide,Vincristine, Doxorubicin, Dacarbazine DA Daunorubicin, Cytarabine DATDaunorubicin, Cytarabine, Thioguanine DAV Daunorubicin, Cytarabine,Etoposide DCT Daunorubicin, Cytarabine, Thioguanine DHAP Cisplatin,Cytarabine, Dexamethasone DI Doxorubicin, Ifosfamide DTIC/TamoxifenDacarbazine, Tamoxifen DVP Daunorubicin, Vincristine, Prednisone EAPEtoposide, Doxorubicin, Cisplatin EC Etoposide, Carboplatin EFPEtoposie, Fluorouracil, Cisplatin ELF Etoposide, Leucovorin,Fluorouracil EMA 86 Mitoxantrone, Etoposide, Cytarabine EP Etoposide,Cisplatin EVA Etoposide, Vinblastine FAC Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin,Cyclophosphamide FAM Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin, Mitomycin FAMTXMethotrexate, Leucovorin, Doxorubicin FAP Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin,Cisplatin F-CL Fluorouracil, Leucovorin FEC Fluorouracil,Cyclophosphamide, Epirubicin FED Fluorouracil, Etoposide, Cisplatin FLFlutamide, Leuprolide FZ Flutamide, Goserelin acetate implant HDMTXMethotrexate, Leucovorin Hexa-CAF Altretamine, Cyclophosphamide,Methotrexate, Fluorouracil ICE-T Ifosfamide, Carboplatin, Etoposide,Paclitaxel, Mesna IDMTX/6-MP Methotrexate, Mercaptopurine, Leucovorin IEIfosfamide, Etoposie, Mesna IfoVP Ifosfamide, Etoposide, Mesna IPAIfosfamide, Cisplatin, Doxorubicin M-2 Vincristine, Carmustine,Cyclophosphamide, Prednisone, Melphalan MAC-III Methotrexate,Leucovorin, Dactinomycin, Cyclophosphamide MACC Methotrexate,Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Lomustine MACOP-B Methotrexate,Leucovorin, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Bleomycin,Prednisone MAID Mesna, Doxorubicin, Ifosfamide, Dacarbazine m-BACODBleomycin, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Dexamethasone,Methotrexate, Leucovorin MBC Methotrexate, Bleomycin, Cisplatin MCMitoxantrone, Cytarabine MF Methotrexate, Fluorouracil, Leucovorin MICEIfosfamide, Carboplatin, Etoposide, Mesna MINE Mesna, Ifosfamide,Mitoxantrone, Etoposide mini-BEAM Carmustine, Etoposide, Cytarabine,Melphalan MOBP Bleomycin, Vincristine, Cisplatin, Mitomycin MOPMechlorethamine, Vincristine, Procarbazine MOPP Mechlorethamine,Vincristine, Procarbazine, Prednisone MOPP/ABV Mechlorethamine,Vincristine, Procarbazine, Prednisone, Doxorubicin, Bleomycin,Vinblastine MP (multiple Melphalan, Prednisone myeloma) MP (prostateMitoxantrone, Prednisone cancer) MTX/6-MO Methotrexate, MercaptopurineMTX/6-MP/VP Methotrexate, Mercaptopurine, Vincristine, PrednisoneMTX-CDDPAdr Methotrexate, Leucovorin, Cisplatin, Doxorubicin MV (breastcancer) Mitomycin, Vinblastine MV (acute Mitoxantrone, Etoposidemyelocytic leukemia) M-VAC Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, CisplatinMethotrexate MVP Mitomycin Vinblastine, Cisplatin MVPP Mechlorethamine,Vinblastine, Procarbazine, Prednisone NFL Mitoxantrone, Fluorouracil,Leucovorin NOVP Mitoxantrone, Vinblastine, Vincristine OPA Vincristine,Prednisone, Doxorubicin OPPA Add Procarbazine to OPA. PAC Cisplatin,Doxorubicin PAC-I Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide PA-CICisplatin, Doxorubicin PC Paclitaxel, Carboplatin or Paclitaxel,Cisplatin PCV Lomustine, Procarbazine, Vincristine PE Paclitaxel,Estramustine PFL Cisplatin, Fluorouracil, Leucovorin POC Prednisone,Vincristine, Lomustine ProMACE Prednisone, Methotrexate, Leucovorin,Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide ProMACE/ Prednisone,Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, cytaBOM Etoposide, Cytarabine, Bleomycin,Vincristine, Methotrexate, Leucovorin, Cotrimoxazole PRoMACE/Prednisone, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, MOPP Etoposide,Mechlorethamine, Vincristine, Procarbazine, Methotrexate, LeucovorinPt/VM Cisplatin, Teniposide PVA Prednisone, Vincristine, AsparaginasePVB Cisplatin, Vinblastine, Bleomycin PVDA Prednisone, Vincristine,Daunorubicin, Asparaginase SMF Streptozocin, Mitomycin, Fluorouracil TADMechlorethamine, Doxorubicin, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Bleomycin,Etoposide, Prednisone TCP Paclitaxel, Cisplatin, Fluorouracil TIPPaclitaxel, Ifosfamide, Mesna, Cisplatin TTT Methotrexate, Cytarabine,Hydrocortisone Topo/CTX Cyclophosphamide, Topotecan, Mesna VAB-6Cyclophosphamide, Dactinomycin, Vinblastine, Cisplatin, Bleomycin VACVincristine, Dactinomycin, Cyclophosphamide VACAdr Vincristine,Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Dactinomycin, Vincristine VADVincristine, Doxorubicin, Dexamethasone VATH Vinblastine, Doxorubicin,Thiotepa, Flouxymesterone VBAP Vincristine, Carmustine, Doxorubicin,Prednisone VBCMP Vincristine, Carmustine, Melphalan, Cyclophosphamide,Prednisone VC Vinorelbine, Cisplatin VCAP Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide,Doxorubicin, Prednisone VD Vinorelbine, Doxorubicin VelP Vinblastine,Cisplatin, Ifosfamide, Mesna VIP Etoposide, Cisplatin, Ifosfamide, MesnaVM Mitomycin, Vinblastine VMCP Vincristine, Melphalan, Cyclophosphamide,Prednisone VP Etoposide, Cisplatin V-TAD Etoposide, Thioguanine,Daunorubicin, Cytarabine 5 + 2 Cytarabine, Daunorubicin, Mitoxantrone7 + 3 Cytarabine with/, Daunorubicin or Idarubicin or Mitoxantrone “8 in1” Methylprednisolone, Vincristine, Lomustine, Procarbazine,Hydroxyurea, Cisplatin, Cytarabine, Dacarbazine

In certain embodiments, the conjointly administered chemotherapeuticagent is selected from a metabolic enzyme inhibitor, such as glucosetransporters, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase M2, lactate dehydrogenase 1 or2, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, fatty acid synthase and glutaminase.In some embodiments, the inhibitor inhibits lactate dehydrogenase 1 or2, or glutaminase. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor is CB-839.

In some embodiments, the conjointly administered chemotherapeutic agentis an immuno-oncology therapeutic agent, such as an inhibitor of CTLA-4,indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and/or PD-1/PD-L1. In certain embodiments,the immuno-oncology therapeutic agent is abagovomab, adecatumumab,afutuzumab, anatumomab mafenatox, apolizumab, atezolizumab,blinatumomab, catumaxomab, durvalumab, epacadostat, epratuzumab,indoximod, inotuzumab ozogamicin, intelumumab, ipilimumab, isatuximab,lambrolizumab, nivolumab, ocaratuzumab, olatatumab, pembrolizumab,pidilizumab, ticilimumab, samalizumab, or tremelimumab. In someembodiments, the immuno-oncology agent is indoximod, ipilimumab,nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or pidilizumab. In certain embodiments, theimmuno-oncology therapeutic agent is ipilimumab.

Exemplary immuno-oncology agents are disclosed in Adams, J. L. et al.“Big Opportunities for Small Molecules in Immuno-Oncology” NatureReviews Drug Discovery 2015, 14, page 603-621, the contents of which arehereby incorporated by reference.

In certain embodiments, the conjointly administered chemotherapeuticagent is a pro-inflammatory agent. In certain embodiments, thepro-inflammatory agent administered with the arginase inhibitors of thedisclosure is a cytokine or a chemokine.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced predominantly by activatedmacrophages and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatoryreactions. Exemplary pro-inflammatory cytokines include but are notlimited to IL-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-γ.

Chemokines are a group of small cytokines. Pro-inflammatory chemokinespromote recruitment and activation of multiple lineages of leukocytes(e.g., lymphocytes, macrophages). Chemokines are related in primarystructure and share several conserved amino acid residues. Inparticular, chemokines typically include two or four cysteine residuesthat contribute to the three-dimensional structure via formation ofdisulfide bonds. Chemokines may be classified in one of four groups: C—Cchemokines, C—X—C chemokines, C chemokines, and C—X₃—C chemokines. C—X—Cchemokines include a number of potent chemoattractants and activators ofneutrophils, such as interleukin 8 (IL-8), PF4 and neutrophil-activatingpeptide-2 (NAP-2). The C—C chemokines include, for example, RANTES(Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted), macrophageinflammatory proteins 1-alpha and 1-beta (MIP-1α and MIP-1β), eotaxinand human monocyte chemotactic proteins 1 to 3 (MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3),which have been characterized as chemoattractants and activators ofmonocytes or lymphocytes. Accordingly, exemplary pro-inflammatorychemokines include MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-1γ, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, IL-8,PF4, NAP-2, RANTES, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, CXCL2, CXCL8, andCXCL10.

In certain embodiments, the method of treating or preventing cancerfurther comprises administering one or more non-chemical methods ofcancer treatment, such as radiation therapy, surgery, thermoablation,focused ultrasound therapy, cryotherapy, or a combination of theforegoing.

Cellular pathways operate more like webs than superhighways. There aremultiple redundancies, or alternate routes, that are activated inresponse to the inhibition of a pathway. This redundancy promotes theemergence of resistant cells or organisms under the selective pressureof a targeted agent, resulting in drug resistance and clinical relapse.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the chemotherapeutic agent isadministered simultaneously with the arginase inhibitor. In certainembodiments, the chemotherapeutic agent is administered within about 5minutes to within about 168 hours prior or after of the arginaseinhibitor.

The present disclosure provides combination therapies comprising animmuno-oncology agent selected from inhibitors of CTLA-4, indoleamine2,3-dioxygenase, and PD-1/PD-L1, and an arginase inhibitor of formula(I). In certain embodiments, the combination therapy treats or preventscancer, an immunological disorder, or a chronic infection.

The present disclosure provides combination therapies comprising animmuno-oncology agent selected from inhibitors of an indoleamine2,3-dioxygenase, and PD-1/PD-L1, and an arginase inhibitor of formula(I), such as combinations with epacadostat and nivolumab, epacadostateand pembrolizumab, and epacadostat and MGA012. In certain embodiments,the combination therapy treats or prevents cancer, an immunologicaldisorder, or a chronic infection.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides methods for treating orpreventing an immunological disease, comprising administering to asubject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compoundof the disclosure (e.g., a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising said compound.

In certain embodiments, the immunological disease is selected fromankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, erythema nodosum leprosum(ENL), graft versus host disease (GVHD), HIV-associated wastingsyndrome, lupus erythematosus, organ transplant rejection,post-polycythemia, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, recurrent aphthousulcers, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), severe recurrent aphthous stomatitis,systemic sclerosis, and tuberous sclerosis.

In certain embodiments, the method for treating or preventing animmunological disease further comprises conjointly administering animmuno-oncology therapeutic agent, as described above.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides methods for treating orpreventing a chronic infection, comprising administering to a subject inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of thedisclosure (e.g., a compound of formula (I)), or a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising said compound.

In certain embodiments, the chronic infection is selected from bladderinfection, chronic fatigue syndrome, cytomegalovirus/epstein barr virus,fibromyalgia, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), HIV/AIDSvirus, mycoplasma infection, and urinary tract infections.

In certain embodiments, the method for treating or preventing a chronicinfection further comprises conjointly administering an immuno-oncologytherapeutic agent, as described above.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for thetreatment or prevention of a disease or condition associated withexpression or activity of arginase I, arginase II, or a combinationthereof in a subject, comprising administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of at least one of formula (I), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is selected fromcardiovascular disorders, sexual disorders, wound healing disorders,gastrointestinal disorders, autoimmune disorders, immune disorders,infections, pulmonary disorders, and hemolytic disorders.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is a cardiovasculardisorder selected from systemic hypertension, pulmonary arterialhypertension (PAH), pulmonary arterial hypertension in high altitude,ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury, myocardial infarction, andatherosclerosis.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is pulmonary arterialhypertension (PAH).

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is myocardialinfarction or atherosclerosis.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is a pulmonary disorderselected from chemically-induced lung fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonaryfibrosis, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),and asthma.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is an autoimmunedisorder selected from encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis,anti-phospholipid syndrome 1, autoimmune hemolytic anaemia, chronicinflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, dermatitisherpetiformis, dermatomyositis, myasthenia gravis, pemphigus, rheumatoidarthritis, stiff-person syndrome, type 1 diabetes, ankylosingspondylitis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), paroxysmal coldhemoglobinuria, severe idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia, andGoodpasture's syndrome.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is an immune disorderselected from myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) mediated T-celldysfunction, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), autoimmuneencephalomyelitis, and ABO mismatch transfusion reaction.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is myeloid-derivedsuppressor cell (MDSC) mediated T-cell dysfunction.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is a hemolytic disorderselected from sickle-cell disease, thalassemias, hereditaryspherocytosis, stomatocytosis, microangiopathic hemolytic anemiaspyruvate kinase deficiency, infection-induced anemia, cardiopulmonarybypass and mechanical heart valve-induced anemia, and chemical inducedanemia.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is a gastrointestinaldisorder selected from gastrointestinal motility disorders, gastriccancer, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis,and gastric ulcer.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is a sexual disorderselected from Peyronie's Disease and erectile dysfunction.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is ischemia reperfusion(IR) injury selected from liver IR, kidney IR, and myocardial IR.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from renaldisease inflammation, psoriasis, leishmaniasis, neurodegenerativediseases, wound healing, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis Bvirus (HBV), H. pylori infections, fibrotic disorders, arthritis,candidiasis, periodontal disease, keloids, adenotonsillar disease,African sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease.

In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is a wound healingdisorder selected from infected and uninfected wound healing.

In certain embodiments, the combination therapy regimen is moreefficacious than a therapy regimen of the arginase inhibitor as a singleagent, or a therapy regimen of the additional chemotherapeutic agent asa single agent.

Combinations of Arginase Inhibitors of the Disclosure with IDOInhibitors

The disclosure provides methods for treating or preventing cancer in asubject, comprising conjointly administering to a subject in needthereof an arginase inhibitor of formula (I) (which includes compoundsof formulas (I′), (I″), (I′″), (I*), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), (If),(Ig) and (Ih) and an IDO inhibitor. The IDO inhibitor may be a compounddisclosed in, or a compound having a structure of any one of theformulas disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the methods furthercomprise conjointly administering one or more additionalchemotherapeutic agents.

In certain embodiments, the subject is a human.

The disclosure further provides pharmaceutical kits, comprising an IDOinhibitor, an arginase inhibitor of formula (I), and optionallydirections on how to administer the IDO inhibitor and the arginaseinhibitor.

In certain embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is epacadostat, norharmane,rosmarinic acid, 1-methyltryptophan, a tryptophan derivative, indoximod,or NLG919, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certainembodiments, the IDO inhibitor is epacadostat. In certain embodiments,the IDO inhibitor has a structure of any of the formulas disclosedherein. In certain embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound of anyof the formulas disclosed herein.

Suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositions and methodsdisclosed herein are described in U.S. Patent Application PublicationNos. 20160158353, US2015353546, US2015291632, US2015218186,US2015291557, US2015246898, US2016002242, US2016015712, US2016166574,US2015051202; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,748,461, 9,309,273, 8,809,378, 8,883,797,8,669,274, 8,389,543, 9,447,073, 9,150,527, 9,056,855, 8,987,315,9,409,914, 9,120,804, 9,073,944, 9,320,735, 9,023,851; PCT ApplicationPublication Nos. WO2016059412, WO2016051181, WO2016057986, WO2016196890;and Europeant Patent Publication Nos. EP2804858, EP2563771; which arehereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, and inparticular for the compound structures disclosed therein.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Pat. No. 7,767,675, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein inits entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound ofFormula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,767,675.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Pat. No. 8,088,803, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein inits entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound ofFormula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected fromFormula F15, F19, and F28, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,088,803.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Pat. No. 8,377,976, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein inits entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound ofFormula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,377,976.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Pat. No. 8,507,541, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein inits entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound ofFormula (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,507,541.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Pat. No. 9,321,755, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein inits entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound ofFormula (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected fromFormula F5, F8, F10, F15, F16, F17, F18, F19, and F20, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,321,755.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Pat. No. 8,748,469, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein inits entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound ofFormula (VII), Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,748,469.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Pat. No. 9,260,434, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein inits entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound ofFormula (X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,260,434.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Pat. No. 9,120,804, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein inits entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound ofFormula (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,120,804.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2008/0146624, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XII), (XIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2008/0146624.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2008/0182882, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound of Formula (XVa),Formula (XVb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2008/0182882.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2007/0203140, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XVI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2007/0203140.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2008/0119491. In some embodiments, the IDOinhibitor is a compound of Formula (XVII), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2008/0119491.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/0289238, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XVIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/0289238.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/0229843, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XIX), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/0229843.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/0046596, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XX), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/0046596.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2011/0053941 or 2013/0289083, which are herebyincorporated by reference herein in their entireties. In someembodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound of Formula (XXI), Formula(XXII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2011/0053941 or2013/0289083.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/0060266, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XXIX), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from thefollowing formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/0060266.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/075711, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XXX), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from acompound of the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/075711.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/0022619, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XXXI), a compound of Formula (XXXII), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/0022619.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/0060237, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XXXIII), a compound of Formula (XXXIV), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/0060237.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/0137595, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XXXV), a compound of Formula (XXXVI), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/0137595.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/0143870, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XXXVII), a compound of Formula (XXXVIII), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/0143870.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/0200674, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XXXIX), a compound of Formula (XL), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/0200674.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/0289171, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XLI), a compound of Formula (XLII), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/0289171.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/0137652, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XLIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/0137652.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in U.S.Patent Publication Number 2016/0137653, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitoris a compound of Formula (XLIV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2016/0137653.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in PCTApplication Publication Number WO2014141110, which is herebyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments,the IDO inhibitor is a compound of Formula (XLV), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in PCT Application Publication Number WO2014141110.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in PCTApplication Publication Number WO2016027241, which is herebyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments,the IDO inhibitor is a compound of Formula (XLVI), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in PCT Application Publication Number WO2016027241.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in PCTApplication Publication Number WO2016181348, which is herebyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments,the IDO inhibitor is a compound of Formula (XLVII), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in PCT Application Publication Number WO2016181348.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in PCTApplication Publication Number WO2016051181, which is herebyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments,the IDO inhibitor is a compound of Formula (XLIX), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in PCT Application Publication Number WO2016051181.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in PCTApplication Publication Number WO2016059412, which is herebyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments,the IDO inhibitor is a compound of Formula (L), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from thefollowing formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in PCT Application Publication Number WO2016059412.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in PCTApplication Publication Number WO2015119944, which corresponds toEuropean Patent Publication Number: EP3102237, which are herebyincorporated by reference herein in their entireties. In someembodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound of Formula (LI), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected fromFormula (LII) and Formula (LIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in PCT Application Publication Number WO2015119944.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in PCTApplication Publication Number WO2016073738, which is herebyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments,the IDO inhibitor is a compound of Formula (LIV), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in PCT Application Publication Number WO2016073738.

In some embodiments, suitable IDO inhibitors for use in the compositionsand methods disclosed herein are the IDO inhibitors described in PCTApplication Publication Number WO2015188085, which is herebyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments,the IDO inhibitor is a compound of Formula (LV), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the IDO inhibitor is a compound selected from oneof the following formulas, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

The variable definitions, embodiments, and compound structures are asdescribed in PCT Application Publication Number WO2015188085.

In particular embodiments, the disclosure provides methods of treatingcancer by administering to a human subject epacadostat and an arginaseinhibitor having one of the following stuctures, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt therof:

In some such embodiments, the epacdostat and an arginase inhibitordepicted in the schematic above are provided in a single pharmaceuticalcomposition. In another embodiment, the epacdostat and an arginaseinhibitor depicted in the schematic above are administered in separatepharmaceutical compositions.Definitions

The term “acyl” is art-recognized and refers to a group represented bythe general formula hydrocarbylC(O)—, preferably alkylC(O)—.

The term “acylamino” is art-recognized and refers to an amino groupsubstituted with an acyl group and may be represented, for example, bythe formula hydrocarbylC(O)NH—.

The term “acyloxy” is art-recognized and refers to a group representedby the general formula hydrocarbylC(O)O—, preferably alkylC(O)O—.

The term “alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group, preferably a lower alkylgroup, having an oxygen attached thereto. Representative alkoxy groupsinclude methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.

The term “alkoxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with analkoxy group and may be represented by the general formulaalkyl-O-alkyl.

The term “alkenyl”, as used herein, refers to an aliphatic groupcontaining at least one double bond.

An “alkyl” group or “alkane” is a straight chained or branchednon-aromatic hydrocarbon which is completely saturated. Typically, astraight chained or branched alkyl group has from 1 to about 20 carbonatoms, preferably from 1 to about 10 unless otherwise defined. Examplesof straight chained and branched alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,pentyl and octyl. A C₁-C₆ straight chained or branched alkyl group isalso referred to as a “lower alkyl” group.

The term “C_(x-y)” when used in conjunction with a chemical moiety, suchas, acyl, acyloxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy is meant toinclude groups that contain from x to y carbons in the chain. Forexample, the term “C_(x-y)alkyl” refers to substituted or unsubstitutedsaturated hydrocarbon groups, including straight-chain alkyl andbranched-chain alkyl groups that contain from x to y carbons in thechain, including haloalkyl groups such as trifluoromethyl and2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, etc. C₀ alkyl indicates a hydrogen where the groupis in a terminal position, a bond if internal. The terms“C_(2-y)alkenyl” and “C_(2-y)alkynyl” refer to unsaturated aliphaticgroups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkylsdescribed above, but that contain at least one double or triple bondrespectively.

The term “alkylamino”, as used herein, refers to an amino groupsubstituted with at least one alkyl group.

The term “alkylthio”, as used herein, refers to a thiol groupsubstituted with an alkyl group and may be represented by the generalformula alkylS—.

The term “alkynyl”, as used herein, refers to an aliphatic groupcontaining at least one triple bond and is intended to include both“unsubstituted alkynyls” and “substituted alkynyls”, the latter of whichrefers to alkynyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen onone or more carbons of the alkynyl group. Such substituents may occur onone or more carbons that are included or not included in one or moretriple bonds. Moreover, such substituents include all those contemplatedfor alkyl groups, as discussed above, except where stability isprohibitive. For example, substitution of alkynyl groups by one or morealkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl groups iscontemplated.

The term “amide”, as used herein, refers to a group

wherein each R¹⁰ independently represent a hydrogen or hydrocarbylgroup, or two R¹⁰ are taken together with the N atom to which they areattached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ringstructure.

The terms “amine” and “amino” are art-recognized and refer to bothunsubstituted and substituted amines and salts thereof, e.g., a moietythat can be represented by

wherein each R¹⁰ independently represents a hydrogen or a hydrocarbylgroup, or two R¹⁰ are taken together with the N atom to which they areattached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ringstructure.

The term “aminoalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl groupsubstituted with an amino group.

The term “aralkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substitutedwith an aryl group.

The term “aryl” as used herein include substituted or unsubstitutedsingle-ring aromatic groups in which each atom of the ring is carbon.Preferably the ring is a 5- to 7-membered ring, more preferably a6-membered ring. The term “aryl” also includes polycyclic ring systemshaving two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are commonto two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic,e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls,cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls. Accordingly,the term “aryl” can encompass (C₅-C₁₀) and (C₆-C₁₀) aryl groups. Arylgroups include benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, phenol, aniline, andthe like.

The term “carbamate” is art-recognized and refers to a group

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently represent hydrogen or a hydrocarbylgroup, such as an alkyl group, or R⁹ and R¹⁰ taken together with theintervening atom(s) complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms inthe ring structure.

The terms “carbocycle”, and “carbocyclic”, as used herein, refers to asaturated or unsaturated ring in which each atom of the ring is carbon.The term carbocycle includes both aromatic carbocycles and non-aromaticcarbocycles. Non-aromatic carbocycles include both cycloalkane rings, inwhich all carbon atoms are saturated, and cycloalkene rings, whichcontain at least one double bond. “Carbocycle” includes 5-7 memberedmonocyclic and 8-12 membered bicyclic rings. Each ring of a bicycliccarbocycle may be selected from saturated, unsaturated and aromaticrings. Carbocycle includes bicyclic molecules in which one, two or threeor more atoms are shared between the two rings. The term “fusedcarbocycle” refers to a bicyclic carbocycle in which each of the ringsshares two adjacent atoms with the other ring. Each ring of a fusedcarbocycle may be selected from saturated, unsaturated and aromaticrings. In an exemplary embodiment, an aromatic ring, e.g., phenyl, maybe fused to a saturated or unsaturated ring, e.g., cyclohexane,cyclopentane, or cyclohexene. Any combination of saturated, unsaturatedand aromatic bicyclic rings, as valence permits, is included in thedefinition of carbocyclic. Exemplary “carbocycles” include cyclopentane,cyclohexane, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1,5-cyclooctadiene,1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-3-ene, naphthalene andadamantane. Exemplary fused carbocycles include decalin, naphthalene,1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, bicyclo[4.2.0]octane,4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indene and bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene. “Carbocycles”may be susbstituted at any one or more positions capable of bearing ahydrogen atom.

A “cycloalkyl” group is a cyclic hydrocarbon which is completelysaturated. “Cycloalkyl” includes monocyclic and bicyclic rings.Typically, a monocyclic cycloalkyl group has from 3 to about 10 carbonatoms, more typically 3 to 8 carbon atoms unless otherwise defined. Thesecond ring of a bicyclic cycloalkyl may be selected from saturated,unsaturated and aromatic rings. Cycloalkyl includes bicyclic moleculesin which one, two or three or more atoms are shared between the tworings. The term “fused cycloalkyl” refers to a bicyclic cycloalkyl inwhich each of the rings shares two adjacent atoms with the other ring.The second ring of a fused bicyclic cycloalkyl may be selected fromsaturated, unsaturated and aromatic rings. A “cycloalkenyl” group is acyclic hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds.

The term “(cycloalkyl)alkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl groupsubstituted with a cycloalkyl group.

The term “carbonate” is art-recognized and refers to a group —OCO₂—R¹⁰,wherein R¹⁰ represents a hydrocarbyl group.

The term “carboxy”, as used herein, refers to a group represented by theformula —CO₂H.

The term “ester”, as used herein, refers to a group —C(O)OR¹⁰ whereinR¹⁰ represents a hydrocarbyl group.

The term “ether”, as used herein, refers to a hydrocarbyl group linkedthrough an oxygen to another hydrocarbyl group. Accordingly, an ethersubstituent of a hydrocarbyl group may be hydrocarbyl-O—. Ethers may beeither symmetrical or unsymmetrical. Examples of ethers include, but arenot limited to, heterocycle-O-heterocycle and aryl-O-heterocycle. Ethersinclude “alkoxyalkyl” groups, which may be represented by the generalformula alkyl-O-alkyl.

The terms “halo” and “halogen” as used herein means halogen and includeschloro, fluoro, bromo, and iodo.

The term “heteroaralkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl groupsubstituted with a heteroaryl group.

The term “heteroalkyl”, as used herein, refers to a saturated orunsaturated chain of carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom, whereinno two heteroatoms are adjacent.

The term “heteroaryl” includes substituted or unsubstituted aromaticsingle ring structures, preferably 5- to 7-membered rings, morepreferably 5- to 6-membered rings, whose ring structures include atleast one heteroatom, preferably one to four heteroatoms, morepreferably one or two heteroatoms. The terms “heteroaryl” also includepolycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two ormore carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one ofthe rings is heteroaromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can becycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/orheterocyclyls. Accordingly, the term “heteroaryl” can encompass (C₂-C₁₀)and (C₂-C₁₀) heteroaryl groups. Heteroaryl groups include, for example,pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole,pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine, and the like.

The term “heteroatom” as used herein means an atom of any element otherthan carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, andsulfur.

The terms “heterocycloalkyl”, “heterocycle”, and “heterocyclic” refer tosubstituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic ring structures, preferably 3-to 10-membered rings, more preferably 3- to 7-membered rings, whose ringstructures include at least one heteroatom, preferably one to fourheteroatoms, more preferably one or two heteroatoms. The terms“heterocycloalkyl” and “heterocyclic” also include polycyclic ringsystems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons arecommon to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings isheterocyclic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls,cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.Heterocycloalkyl groups include, for example, piperidine, piperazine,pyrrolidine, morpholine, lactones, lactams, and the like.

The term “(heterocycloalkyl)alkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkylgroup substituted with a heterocycloalkyl group.

The term “hydrocarbyl”, as used herein, refers to a group that is bondedthrough a carbon atom that does not have a ═O or ═S substituent, andtypically has at least one carbon-hydrogen bond and a primarily carbonbackbone, but may optionally include heteroatoms. Thus, groups likemethyl, ethoxyethyl, 2-pyridyl, and trifluoromethyl are considered to behydrocarbyl for the purposes of this application, but substituents suchas acetyl (which has a ═O substituent on the linking carbon) and ethoxy(which is linked through oxygen, not carbon) are not. Hydrocarbyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to aryl, heteroaryl, carbocycle,heterocyclyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and combinations thereof.

The term “hydroxyalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl groupsubstituted with a hydroxy group.

The term “lower” when used in conjunction with a chemical moiety, suchas, acyl, acyloxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy is meant toinclude groups where there are ten or fewer non-hydrogen atoms in thesubstituent, preferably six or fewer. A “lower alkyl”, for example,refers to an alkyl group that contains ten or fewer carbon atoms,preferably six or fewer. In certain embodiments, acyl, acyloxy, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy substituents defined herein are respectivelylower acyl, lower acyloxy, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, orlower alkoxy, whether they appear alone or in combination with othersubstituents, such as in the recitations hydroxyalkyl and aralkyl (inwhich case, for example, the atoms within the aryl group are not countedwhen counting the carbon atoms in the alkyl substituent).

The terms “polycyclyl”, “polycycle”, and “polycyclic” refer to two ormore rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls,heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls) in which two or more atoms are commonto two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are “fused rings”. Each of therings of the polycycle can be substituted or unsubstituted. In certainembodiments, each ring of the polycycle contains from 3 to 10 atoms inthe ring, preferably from 5 to 7.

The term “silyl” refers to a silicon moiety with three hydrocarbylmoieties attached thereto.

The term “substituted” refers to moieties having substituents replacinga hydrogen on one or more carbons of the backbone. It will be understoodthat “substitution” or “substituted with” includes the implicit provisothat such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of thesubstituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution resultsin a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergotransformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc.As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include allpermissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, thepermissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched andunbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non-aromaticsubstituents of organic compounds. The permissible substituents can beone or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds.For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms such as nitrogen mayhave hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents oforganic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of theheteroatoms. Substituents can include any substituents described herein,for example, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, analkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl), a thiocarbonyl (such as athioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), an alkoxyl, a phosphoryl, aphosphate, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine,an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, asulfate, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a sulfonyl, aheterocyclyl, an aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Itwill be understood by those skilled in the art that substituents canthemselves be substituted, if appropriate. Unless specifically stated as“unsubstituted,” references to chemical moieties herein are understoodto include substituted variants. For example, reference to an “aryl”group or moiety implicitly includes both substituted and unsubstitutedvariants.

The term “sulfate” is art-recognized and refers to the group —OSO₃H, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The term “sulfonamide” is art-recognized and refers to the grouprepresented by the general formulas

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently represents hydrogen or hydrocarbyl,such as alkyl, or R⁹ and R¹⁰ taken together with the intervening atom(s)complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure.

The term “sulfoxide” is art-recognized and refers to the group—S(O)—R¹⁰, wherein R¹⁰ represents a hydrocarbyl.

The term “sulfonate” is art-recognized and refers to the group SO₃H, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The term “sulfone” is art-recognized and refers to the group —S(O)₂—R¹⁰,wherein R¹⁰ represents a hydrocarbyl.

The term “thioalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl groupsubstituted with a thiol group.

The term “thioester”, as used herein, refers to a group —C(O)SR¹⁰ or—SC(O)R¹⁰ wherein R¹⁰ represents a hydrocarbyl.

The term “thioether”, as used herein, is equivalent to an ether, whereinthe oxygen is replaced with a sulfur.

The term “urea” is art-recognized and may be represented by the generalformula

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently represent hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl,such as alkyl, or either occurrence of R⁹ taken together with R¹⁰ andthe intervening atom(s) complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atomsin the ring structure.

The term “bioavailability” refers to the fraction of an administereddrug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principalpharmacokinetic properties of drugs. When a medication is administeredintravenously, its bioavailability is 100%. When a medication isadministered via other routes (such as oral), its bioavailabilitygenerally decreases due to incomplete absorption and first-passmetabolism or may vary from patient to patient. Bioavailability is aterm that indicates measurement of total amount of drug that reaches thegeneral circulation from an administered pharmaceutical composition,e.g., from an orally or intravenously administered pharmaceuticalcomposition, in a single dose or multiple dose setting. It is oftenexpressed in %, i.e., area under the concentration time curve “AUC”(from 0 time to infinity) or AUC (from 0 time to 48 or 72 h) of a singledose of the drug when administered, e.g., orally, in serum, blood orplasma compared to the AUC (from 0 time to infinity) or AUC (from 0 timeto 48 or 72 h) of single dose of the same amount of drug when injected,i.e., AUC(orally)/AUC(injected) expressed in %. Also, “T max” denotesthe time to reach the maximal plasma concentration (C max) afteradministration.

“Protecting group” refers to a group of atoms that, when attached to areactive functional group in a molecule, mask, reduce or prevent thereactivity of the functional group. Typically, a protecting group may beselectively removed as desired during the course of a synthesis.Examples of protecting groups can be found in Greene and Wuts,Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, 3^(rd) Ed., 1999, John Wiley &Sons, NY and Harrison et al., Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods,Vols. 1-8, 1971-1996, John Wiley & Sons, NY. Representative nitrogenprotecting groups include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl,trifluoroacetyl, benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl (“CBZ”), tert-butoxycarbonyl(“Boc”), trimethylsilyl (“TMS”), 2-trimethylsilyl-ethanesulfonyl(“TES”), trityl and substituted trityl groups, allyloxycarbonyl,9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (“FMOC”), nitro-veratryloxycarbonyl(“NVOC”) and the like. Representative hydroxyl protecting groupsinclude, but are not limited to, those where the hydroxyl group iseither acylated (esterified) or alkylated such as benzyl and tritylethers, as well as alkyl ethers, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, trialkylsilylethers (e.g., TMS or TIPS groups), glycol ethers, such as ethyleneglycol and propylene glycol derivatives and allyl ethers.

As used herein, a therapeutic that “prevents” a disorder or conditionrefers to a compound that, in a statistical sample, reduces theoccurrence of the disorder or condition in the treated sample relativeto an untreated control sample, or delays the onset or reduces theseverity of one or more symptoms of the disorder or condition relativeto the untreated control sample.

The term “treating” includes prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments.The term “prophylactic or therapeutic” treatment is art-recognized andincludes administration to the host of one or more of the subjectcompositions. If it is administered prior to clinical manifestation ofthe unwanted condition (e.g., disease or other unwanted state of thehost animal) then the treatment is prophylactic (i.e., it protects thehost against developing the unwanted condition), whereas if it isadministered after manifestation of the unwanted condition, thetreatment is therapeutic, (i.e., it is intended to diminish, ameliorate,or stabilize the existing unwanted condition or side effects thereof).

The term “prodrug” is intended to encompass compounds which, underphysiologic conditions, are converted into therapeutically activeagents, such as the compounds of Formula A or Formula B. A common methodfor making a prodrug is to include one or more selected moieties whichare hydrolyzed under physiologic conditions to reveal the desiredmolecule. In other embodiments, the prodrug is converted by an enzymaticactivity of the host animal. For example, esters or carbonates (e.g.,esters or carbonates of alcohols or carboxylic acids) are preferredprodrugs of the present disclosure. Alternatively, amides (e.g., anamide of an amino group) may be a prodrug of the disclosure. In certainembodiments, some or all of the compounds of formula I in a formulationrepresented above can be replaced with the corresponding suitableprodrug, e.g., wherein a hydroxyl in the parent compound is presented asan ester or a carbonate or carboxylic acid present in the parentcompound is presented as an ester.

One or more constituent atoms of the compounds presented herein can bereplaced or substituted with isotopes of the atoms in natural ornon-natural abundance. In some embodiments, the compound includes atleast one hydrogen that is enriched for deuterium atoms, i.e., thecompound contains deuterium atoms in excess of the natural abundance ofdeuterium on Earth. For example, one or more hydrogen atoms in acompound presented herein can be enriched for deuterium (e.g., one ormore protium atoms of a C₁₋₆ alkyl group can be replaced by deuteriumatoms, such as —CD₃ being substituted for a more common —C(¹H)₃ methylgroup). In some embodiments, the compound is enriched for two or moredeuterium atoms. In some embodiments, the compound includes 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,or 24 deuterium atoms. In some embodiments, all of the hydrogen atoms ina compound can be enriched for deuterium atoms instead of protium atoms.

Synthetic methods for including isotopes into organic compounds areknown in the art (Deuterium Labeling in Organic Chemistry by Alan F.Thomas (New York, N.Y., Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971; The Renaissanceof H/D Exchange by Jens Atzrodt, Volker Derdau, Thorsten Fey and JochenZimmermann, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 7744-7765; The Organic Chemistryof Isotopic Labelling by James R. Hanson, Royal Society of Chemistry,2011). Isotopically labeled compounds can used in various studies suchas NMR spectroscopy, metabolism experiments, and/or assays.

Substitution with heavier isotopes, such as deuterium for protium, mayafford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolicstability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosagerequirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. (see,e.g., A. Kerekes et. al. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 201-210; R. Xu et. al.J. Label Compd. Radiopharm. 2015, 58, 308-312).

The radionuclide that is incorporated in the instant radio-labeledcompounds will depend on the specific application of that radio-labeledcompound. For radio-imaging applications, ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I,¹³¹I, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br, or ⁷⁷Br can be useful.

It is understood that a “radio-labeled” or “labeled compound” is acompound that has incorporated at least one radionuclide. In someembodiments, the radionuclide is selected from ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S and⁸²Br.

The present disclosure can further include synthetic methods forincorporating radio-isotopes into compounds of the disclosure. Syntheticmethods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organic compounds are wellknown in the art, and one of ordinary skill in the art will readilyrecognize methods applicable for the compounds of disclosure.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a solid pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of the disclosure, such as a compoundof formula (I) (which includes compounds of formulas (I′), (I″), (I′″),(I*), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), (If), (Ig) and (Ih)) or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceuticalpreparation suitable for use in a human patient, comprising any compoundof the disclosure (e.g., a compound of formula (I)), and one or morepharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In certain embodiments, thepharmaceutical preparations may be for use in treating or preventing acondition or disease as described herein. In certain embodiments, thepharmaceutical preparations have a low enough pyrogen activity to besuitable for use in a human patient.

One embodiment of the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical kitcomprising a compound of the disclosure, such as a compound of formula(I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionallydirections on how to administer the compound.

The compositions and methods of the present disclosure may be utilizedto treat an individual in need thereof. In certain embodiments, theindividual is a mammal such as a human, or a non-human mammal. Whenadministered to an animal, such as a human, the composition or thecompound is preferably administered as a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising, for example, a compound of the disclosure and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers are well known in the art and include, for example, non-aqueousvehicles such as glycols, glycerol, oils such as olive oil, orinjectable organic esters. The excipients can be chosen, for example, toeffect delayed release of an agent or to selectively target one or morecells, tissues, or organs. The pharmaceutical composition can be indosage unit form such as tablet, capsule (including sprinkle capsule andgelatin capsule), granule, lyophile for reconstitution, powder,suppository, or the like. The composition can also be present in atransdermal delivery system, e.g., a skin patch.

A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can contain physiologicallyacceptable agents that act, for example, to stabilize, increasesolubility or to increase the absorption of a compound such as acompound of the disclosure. Such physiologically acceptable agentsinclude, for example, carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose ordextrans, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or glutathione, chelatingagents, low molecular weight proteins or other stabilizers orexcipients. The choice of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,including a physiologically acceptable agent, depends, for example, onthe route of administration of the composition. The preparation orpharmaceutical composition can be a selfemulsifying drug delivery systemor a self microemulsifying drug delivery system. The pharmaceuticalcomposition (preparation) also can be a liposome or other polymermatrix, which can have incorporated therein, for example, a compound ofthe disclosure. Liposomes, for example, which comprise phospholipids orother lipids, are nontoxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizablecarriers that are relatively simple to make and administer.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer tothose compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are,within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contactwith the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity,irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication,commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means apharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as aliquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulatingmaterial. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of beingcompatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and notinjurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve aspharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such aslactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch andpotato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4)powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients,such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanutoil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil andsoybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, suchas glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters,such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) bufferingagents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginicacid; (16) ethyl alcohol; and (17) other non-toxic compatible substancesemployed in pharmaceutical formulations.

A pharmaceutical composition (preparation) can be administered to asubject by any of a number of routes of administration including, forexample, orally (for example, drenches as in non-aqueous solutions orsuspensions, tablets, capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatincapsules), boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to thetongue); absorption through the oral mucosa (e.g., sublingually);anally, rectally or vaginally (for example, as a pessary, cream orfoam); parenterally (including intramuscularly, intravenously,subcutaneously or intrathecally as, for example, a sterile solution orsuspension); nasally; intraperitoneally; subcutaneously; transdermally(for example as a patch applied to the skin); and topically (forexample, as a cream, ointment or spray applied to the skin, or as an eyedrop). The compound may also be formulated for inhalation. Details ofappropriate routes of administration and compositions suitable for samecan be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,110,973, 5,763,493,5,731,000, 5,541,231, 5,427,798, 5,358,970 and 4,172,896, as well as inpatents cited therein.

The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form andmay be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Theamount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carriermaterial to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon thehost being treated, the particular mode of administration. The amount ofactive ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material toproduce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of thecompound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of onehundred percent, this amount will range from about 1 percent to aboutninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent toabout 30 percent.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the stepof bringing into association an active compound, such as a compound ofthe disclosure, with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessoryingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly andintimately bringing into association a compound of the presentdisclosure with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, orboth, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations of the disclosure suitable for oral administration may bein the form of capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatincapsules), cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis,usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), lyophile, powders, granules,or as a solution or a suspension in a non-aqueous liquid, or aspastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucroseand acacia) and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of acompound of the present disclosure as an active ingredient. Compositionsor compounds may also be administered as a bolus, electuary, or paste.

To prepare solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules(including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), tablets, pills,dragees, powders, granules and the like), the active ingredient is mixedwith one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodiumcitrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillersor extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol,and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example,carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone,sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4)disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato ortapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate;(5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorptionaccelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents,such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8)absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such atalc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols,sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; (10) complexing agents,such as, modified and unmodified cyclodextrins; and (11) coloringagents. In the case of capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatincapsules), tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may alsocomprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may alsobe employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules usingsuch excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecularweight polyethylene glycols and the like.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one ormore accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared usingbinder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose),lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example,sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose),surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made bymolding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compoundmoistened with an inert liquid diluent.

The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceuticalcompositions, such as dragees, capsules (including sprinkle capsules andgelatin capsules), pills and granules, may optionally be scored orprepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and othercoatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may alsobe formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the activeingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose invarying proportions to provide the desired release profile, otherpolymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be sterilizedby, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or byincorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solidcompositions that can be dissolved in sterile water, or some othersterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions mayalso optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a compositionthat they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in acertain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayedmanner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used includepolymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be inmicro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of theabove-described excipients.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions for rectal, vaginal, orurethral administration may be presented as a suppository, which may beprepared by mixing one or more active compounds with one or moresuitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example,cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate,and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperatureand, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and releasethe active compound.

Alternatively or additionally, compositions can be formulated fordelivery via a catheter, stent, wire, or other intraluminal device.Delivery via such devices may be especially useful for delivery to thebladder, urethra, ureter, rectum, or intestine.

Formulations which are suitable for vaginal administration also includepessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulationscontaining such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration includepowders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions,patches and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterileconditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with anypreservatives, buffers, or propellants that may be required.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to anactive compound, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils,waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives,polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zincoxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to an active compound,excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide,calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such aschlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, suchas butane and propane.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlleddelivery of a compound of the present disclosure to the body. Suchdosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the active compoundin the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increasethe flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can becontrolled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersingthe compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like,are also contemplated as being within the scope of this disclosure.Exemplary ophthalmic formulations are described in U.S. Publication Nos.2005/0080056, 2005/0059744, 2005/0031697 and 2005/004074 and U.S. Pat.No. 6,583,124, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference. If desired, liquid ophthalmic formulations have propertiessimilar to that of lacrimal fluids, aqueous humor or vitreous humor orare compatible with such fluids. A preferred route of administration islocal administration (e.g., topical administration, such as eye drops,or administration via an implant).

The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally”as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral andtopical administration, usually by injection, and includes, withoutlimitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal,intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal,transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular,subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for parenteral administrationcomprise one or more active compounds in combination with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic nonaqueous solutions,dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may bereconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions justprior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats,solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of theintended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

Examples of suitable nonaqueous carriers that may be employed in thepharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure include ethanol, polyols(such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like),and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, andinjectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can bemaintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such aslecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the caseof dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives,wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention ofthe action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of variousantibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben,chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also bedesirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride,and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption ofthe injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusionof agents that delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate andgelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirableto slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscularinjection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension ofcrystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rateof absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution,which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form.Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drugform is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oilvehicle.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulated matrices ofthe subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such aspolylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer,and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drugrelease can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymersinclude poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectableformulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes ormicroemulsions that are compatible with body tissue.

For use in the methods of this disclosure, active compounds can be givenper se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient incombination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Methods of introduction may also be provided by rechargeable orbiodegradable devices. Various slow release polymeric devices have beendeveloped and tested in vivo in recent years for the controlled deliveryof drugs, including proteinacious biopharmaceuticals. A variety ofbiocompatible polymers (including hydrogels), including bothbiodegradable and non-degradable polymers, can be used to form animplant for the sustained release of a compound at a particular targetsite.

Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceuticalcompositions may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the activeingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic responsefor a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration,without being toxic to the patient.

The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factorsincluding the activity of the particular compound or combination ofcompounds employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route ofadministration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of theparticular compound(s) being employed, the duration of the treatment,other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with theparticular compound(s) employed, the age, sex, weight, condition,general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated,and like factors well known in the medical arts.

A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readilydetermine and prescribe the therapeutically effective amount of thepharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician orveterinarian could start doses of the pharmaceutical composition orcompound at levels lower than that required in order to achieve thedesired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until thedesired effect is achieved. By “therapeutically effective amount” ismeant the concentration of a compound that is sufficient to elicit thedesired therapeutic effect. It is generally understood that theeffective amount of the compound will vary according to the weight, sex,age, and medical history of the subject. Other factors which influencethe effective amount may include, but are not limited to, the severityof the patient's condition, the disorder being treated, the stability ofthe compound, and, if desired, another type of therapeutic agent beingadministered with the compound of the disclosure. A larger total dosecan be delivered by multiple administrations of the agent. Methods todetermine efficacy and dosage are known to those skilled in the art(Isselbacher et al. (1996) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 13ed., 1814-1882, herein incorporated by reference).

In general, a suitable daily dose of an active compound used in thecompositions and methods of the disclosure will be that amount of thecompound that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeuticeffect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factorsdescribed above.

If desired, the effective daily dose of the active compound may beadministered as one, two, three, four, five, six or more sub-dosesadministered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day,optionally, in unit dosage forms. In certain embodiments of the presentdisclosure, the active compound may be administered two or three timesdaily. In preferred embodiments, the active compound will beadministered once daily.

The patient receiving this treatment is any animal in need, includingprimates, in particular humans, and other mammals such as equines,cattle, swine and sheep; and poultry and pets in general.

In certain embodiments, compounds of the disclosure may be used alone orconjointly administered with another type of therapeutic agent. As usedherein, the phrase “conjoint administration” refers to any form ofadministration of two or more different therapeutic compounds such thatthe second compound is administered while the previously administeredtherapeutic compound is still effective in the body (e.g., the twocompounds are simultaneously effective in the patient, which may includesynergistic effects of the two compounds). For example, the differenttherapeutic compounds can be administered either in the same formulationor in a separate formulation, either concomitantly or sequentially. Incertain embodiments, the different therapeutic compounds can beadministered within one hour, 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 72hours, or a week of one another. Thus, an individual who receives suchtreatment can benefit from a combined effect of different therapeuticcompounds.

In certain embodiments, conjoint administration of compounds of thedisclosure with one or more additional therapeutic agent(s) (e.g., oneor more additional chemotherapeutic agent(s)) provides improved efficacyrelative to each individual administration of the compound of thedisclosure (e.g., compound of formula (I)) or the one or more additionaltherapeutic agent(s). In certain such embodiments, the conjointadministration provides an additive effect, wherein an additive effectrefers to the sum of each of the effects of individual administration ofthe compound of the disclosure and the one or more additionaltherapeutic agent(s).

This disclosure includes the use of pharmaceutically acceptable salts ofcompounds of the disclosure in the compositions and methods of thepresent disclosure. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as usedherein includes salts derived from inorganic or organic acids including,for example, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, perchloric,phosphoric, formic, acetic, lactic, maleic, fumaric, succinic, tartaric,glycolic, salicylic, citric, methanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic,malonic, trifluoroacetic, trichloroacetic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic,oxalic, mandelic and other acids. Pharmaceutically acceptable salt formscan include forms wherein the ratio of molecules comprising the salt isnot 1:1. For example, the salt may comprise more than one inorganic ororganic acid molecule per molecule of base, such as two hydrochloricacid molecules per molecule of compound of Formula (I). As anotherexample, the salt may comprise less than one inorganic or organic acidmolecule per molecule of base, such as two molecules of compound ofFormula (I) per molecule of tartaric acid.

In further embodiments, contemplated salts of the disclosure include,but are not limited to, alkyl, dialkyl, trialkyl or tetra-alkyl ammoniumsalts. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of the disclosureinclude, but are not limited to, L-arginine, benenthamine, benzathine,betaine, calcium hydroxide, choline, deanol, diethanolamine,diethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine,N-methylglucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, lithium, L-lysine,magnesium, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine, piperazine, potassium,1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine, sodium, triethanolamine, tromethamine,and zinc salts. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of thedisclosure include, but are not limited to, Na, Ca, K, Mg, Zn or othermetal salts.

The pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can also exist asvarious solvates, such as with methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, andthe like. Mixtures of such solvates can also be prepared. The source ofsuch solvate can be from the solvent of crystallization, inherent in thesolvent of preparation or crystallization, or adventitious to suchsolvent.

Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium laurylsulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releaseagents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents,preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1)water-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteinehydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfiteand the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate,butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3)metal-chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraaceticacid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

The disclosure now being generally described, it will be more readilyunderstood by reference to the following examples which are includedmerely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodimentsof the present disclosure, and are not intended to limit the disclosure.

EXAMPLES

Abbreviations:

-   ACN=acetonitrile-   Boc=tert-butyloxycarbonyl-   Bn=benzyl-   Cbz or Z=benzyloxycarbonyl-   COD=cyclooctadiene-   DCM=methylene chloride or dichloromethane-   DMAP=4-(dimethylamino)pyridine-   DMF=dimethylformamide-   dppe=ethylenebis(diphenylphosphine)-   EDC or EDCI=N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide-   EtOAc=ethyl acetate-   iso-BuB(OH)₂=isobutylboronic acid-   LiHMDS—lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide-   OSu=N-hydroxysuccinimide-   TBAF=tetrabutylammonium fluoride hydrate-   TFA=trifluoroacetic acid-   THF=tetrahydrofuran-   TMS=trimethylsilane-   Z-Ala-OSu=Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine hydroxysuccinimde ester-   Z-OSu=N-(Benzyloxycarbonyloxy)succinimide-   Pin=pinacol

Example 1: General Procedure for the Alcoholate Complex Formation

The boronic acid amino acid (200 mg) was suspended in anhydrous alcohol(20 mL). The suspension was stirred at 70° C. for 14 hours, resulting incomplete dissolution of the compound. The reflux condenser was changedto a small distillation head and the reaction was distilled (atatmospheric pressure (with an attached Drierite drying tube to excludemoisture) until the hot solution had started to become cloudy(approximately half of the alcohol had been collected during thedistillation). Anhydrous alcohol (10 mL) was added and then the reactionwas heated to 80° C. and stirred at 80° C. for a further 4 hrs. Thedistillation process was repeated until the solution became cloudy onceagain (˜10 mL distillate collected). Anhydrous alcohol (10 mL) was addedagain and then the reaction was heated to 80° C. and stirred at 80° C.for a further 2 hours. The distillation process was repeated until thesolution just started to become cloudy (˜15 mL distillate collected).The remaining solution was allowed to cool to RT and then filtered andquickly suction dried, and then further dried under high vacuum (38mTor) at room temperature for at least 2 hrs to give the product as anoff-white to pale yellow powder.

Example 2: Exemplary Synthetic Method to Arginase Inhibitor Synthesis of(6aS,9aR)-8-(L-alanyl)-9a-amino-3-ethoxyoctahydro-[1,2]oxaborocino[6,7-c]pyrrol-1(3H)-one(10e)

Starting material compound 21 (racemic) was prepared as describedWO2012/058065 at page 48-50, which is incorporated herein by reference.The resolution was done by chiral chromatography. Racemic compound 21was resolved on a chiral stationary phase CHIRALPAK® 1B column (DaicelChiral Technologies) using heptane-ethanol as the eluent to yield theresolved enantiomer of compound 21.

Iridium-Catalyzed Hydroboration to Give 22

A 10 L reaction flask with dichloromethane (5 L) was evacuated toapproximately 250 mBar, and the pressure was released with nitrogen. Theprocedure was repeated twice, and the reaction was performed undernitrogen atmosphere. Bis (1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium (I) dichloride(26.00 g, 38.7 mmol, 0.03 eq.) and ethylenebis(diphenylphosphine) (30.85g, 77.4 mmol, 0.06 eq.) were added, and the mixture was stirred at13-15° C. until formation of a clear solution was observed. Compound 21(resolved, 466.3 g, 1.269 mol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at15-17° C. for a period of 30 minutes. The resulting dark red solutionwas cooled to 0° C., and 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (224.0g, 1.750 mol, 1.38 eq.) was added at −2 to +2° C. over a period of onehour. The reaction mixture was stirred at −2 to +2° C. for a period of 2hours, and HPLC indicated 90.7% conversion. After stirring an additional14 h at 18-22° C., HPLC indicated 98.9% conversion.

Acetonitrile (2.2 L) was added to the reaction mixture. The mixture washeated for distillation at 30-35° C. under reduced pressure (470 mBar),and 2.7 L were distilled off. Acetonitrile (2.2 L) was added to theresidue. The mixture was heated for distillation at 35-38° C. underreduced pressure (350-250 mBar), and 2.2 L were distilled off.Acetonitrile (2.2 L) was added to the residue. The mixture was heatedfor distillation at 55-40° C. under reduced pressure (240-155 mBar), and3.7 L were distilled off.

The residual suspension (˜1300 mL) was stirred at 20-23° C. overnightand the precipitate was isolated by filtration. The filter cake waswashed with cold (0-10° C.) acetonitrile (1.5 L) and dried to a constantweight at 40° C. in an air-vented drying oven. Obtained yield ofcompound 22: 466.5 g (74%).

Preparation of Compound 26

48% HBr (aq., 500 mL) and compound 22 (250 g, 505 mmol) were added to a2 L, 3-necked round bottom flask. The mixture was heated fordistillation, and the distillation was continued until an internaltemperature of 120° C. was reached. The mixture was stirred at 120° C.for an additional 2 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to roomtemperature. Water was added (0.5 L), and the reaction mixture wasextracted with toluene (1 L). The atmosphere was exchanged for nitrogenand the aqueous mixture was cooled to 0° C., and the aqueous solution ofcompound 23 was left overnight. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to9.7 with NaOH (27.65%, 460 mL), followed by the addition of acetonitrile(750 mL). Z-Ala-OSu (323 g, 1009 mmol, 2 eq.) was added, and pH wascontinuously adjusted to 9.5-10.0 with NaOH (27.65%, 175 mL). After 1.5h the conversion was >98% (TLC). The pH was adjusted to 3.3 with 48% HBr(aq., 207 mL), and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to roomtemperature. The mixture was extracted with toluene (1.14 L) and twotimes with ethyl acetate (2×1.14 L). The two ethyl acetate phases wereback-extracted twice with water (2×225 mL). The combined aqueous phases,containing compound 24 were kept under nitrogen at 0° C. overnight.

The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 10.4 with NaOH (27.65%, 207 mL),and the temperature was allowed to increase to 10-20° C. Acetonitrilewas added (750 mL), followed by Z-OSu (176 g, 707 mmol, 1.4 eq.) and thepH of the mixture was continuously adjusted to 10.0-10.5 with NaOH(27.65%, 112 mL). The reaction was allowed to continue for 3 h until aconversion of >95% was observed (HPLC, comparison with standard). The pHwas adjusted to 3.2 with 48% HBr (aq., 300 mL). Ethyl acetate (1.14 L)was added, and the mixture was stirred vigorously. The phases wereseparated and the organic phases combined giving compound 25 which waskept in the freezer overnight.

The ethyl acetate solution of compound 25 was evaporated under reducedpressure at a water bath temperature of 50° C. until dryness.Acetonitrile (200 mL) was added, and the evaporation was continued untildryness. The residue was dissolved in acetonitrile (3.63 L) at 40° C.and isopropanol (225 mL) was added. Diethanolamine (95.9 g, 912 mmol)was dissolved in isopropanol (150 mL) and acetonitrile (150 mL). Thediethanolamine solution was added to the acetonitrile/isopropanolsolution of compound 25 at 40° C. over 10 minutes. The solution wasseeded with compound 26 and cooled to room temperature. Theprecipitation was very slow and had to be left overnight, where a thicksuspension was obtained. The suspension was filtered slowly, and thefilter cake was washed with 2 L of 10% isopropanol/acetonitrile. Part ofthe filter cake was dried, giving a yield of 83% (276.2 g).

The main part (271.6 g) of the material was re-precipitated bysuspending it in isopropanol (400 mL) and acetonitrile (900 mL). Thesolid was dissolved at reflux temperature. Acetonitrile (2.7 L) wasadded, and the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature. At 45°C. precipitation was observed. After 5 h the thick suspension wasfiltered and the filter cake was washed with 1.5 L of 10%isopropanol/acetonitrile. The solid was dried overnight in vacuum at 25°C., giving 239.2 g of compound 26 (88% recovery, 72% overall yield).

Preparation of Compound 10e

To a 5 L, three-necked round-bottomed flask was added water (2.4 L) and36% HCl (aq, 75 g). Ethyl acetate (2.45 L) was added followed bycompound 26 (250 g, 343 mmol). The mixture was stirred until the solidhad dissolved. The phases were separated, and the aqueous phase wasextracted with ethyl acetate (1.22 L). The combined organic phases weredried over magnesium sulphate (190 g). The suspension was filtered, andthe filter cake was washed with ethyl acetate (560 mL). The filtrate andwash were evaporated under reduced pressure at a water bath temperatureof 50° C. to give crude 25 as a white foam. Ethanol (2.4 L) and water(100 mL) were added, and the mixture was stirred until a solution wasobtained. The system was evacuated to <180 mbar and the vacuum wasreleased with nitrogen three times. 10% Pd/C was added (wet, 57.7%water, 35.9 g). The system was evacuated to <180 mbar and the vacuumreleased with nitrogen one time and hydrogen three times. Thehydrogenation was continued overnight at room temperature, then theatmosphere was exchanged for nitrogen and another portion of 10% Pd/Cwas added (wet, 57.7% water, 4.5 g). The atmosphere was exchanged forhydrogen, and the hydrogenation was continued for another night. Theslurry was filtered over celite (83 g), and the filter cake was washedwith a mixture of ethanol (400 mL) and water (16.7 mL) to give a crudesolution of 10. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure inportions at a water bath temperature of 50° C. to a volume of 350-400mL. Ethanol (600 mL) was added, and the solution was seeded withcompound 10e. The thin suspension was concentrated to the same volumeunder reduced pressure and at a water bath temperature of 50° C. Thesuspension was kept at −15° C. for three days. The suspension wasallowed to warm to around 0° C. and then filtered (GF-A). The filtercake was washed with ethanol (3×100 mL). The solid was dried at 50° C.under vacuum overnight to give 82.8 g of compound 10e. This materialcould be further purified as described below.

Compound 10e (77.5 g) was suspended in ethanol (1.1 L) and heated to60-62° C. for 6 h and 15 min. The suspension was cooled to 2° C., andstirred overnight. The suspension was filtered and the filter cake waswashed with ethanol (400 mL). The solid was dried at 50° C. under vacuumovernight to give 71.5 g of compound 10e as a white solid.

An analytical sample or 10e was prepared as follows: 2 g of 10e wassuspended in sufficient anhydrous ethanol (˜70 mL) to fully dissolve thematerial at 80° C. This solution was heated at 80° C. for 2 hrs under anatmosphere of dry nitrogen. The reflux condenser was changed to a smallstill head and the reaction was distilled (at atmospheric pressure, withan attached drying tube to exclude moisture) until the hot solution hadstarted to become cloudy (approximately 40 mL of ethanol had beencollected during the distillation). This procedure was repeated twicemore, and the remaining solution was allowed to cool to RT and thenfiltered and quickly suction dried, and then further dried under highvacuum (40 mTor) at RT for 2 hrs to give an analytical sample of 10e asa white powder.

Compound 10e. 400 MHz, d6-DMSO: (3:2 rotamer population) d 7.01-6.80(2H, br m, exch), 3.81 (1H, d, J=12.8 Hz), 3.68 (0.6H, dd, J=9.8, 7.5Hz), 3.62 (0.4H, dd, J=11.3, 7.8 Hz), 3.53 (0.4H, d, J=10.4 Hz),3.48-3.35 (3H, m), 3.20 (0.6 H, d, J=12.5 Hz), 3.13 (0.6H, dd, J=11.7,9.7 Hz), 2.81 (0.4H, t, J=11.6 Hz), 2.42 (0.6H, m) and 2.30 (0.4H, m),1.83-1.70 (2H, m), 1.62 (2H, br s, exch), 1.44-1.37 (1H, m), 1.09-1.04(6H, m, CH3CH2 and CH3CHN), 0.98 (1H, dd, J=15, 12.4 Hz), 0.65 (1H, dd,J=14.7, 5.6 Hz) and 0.42 (1H, m). ¹¹B-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ: 7.85 ppm.FTIR (powder diffraction) (cm⁻¹): 2905 (w), 1722 (s), 1646 (s), 1623(s), 1271 (s), 1119 (s), 1067 (m), 658 (m) and 562 (m).

800 mg of the analytical sample of 10e was dissolved in the minimumamount of ethanol (˜30 mL) at room temperature. This solution wasallowed to sit, at room temperature and pressure, in a desiccator,fitted with a DRIERITE® drying tube to exclude moisture, to allow theethanol to slowly evaporate, causing fine crystals to slowly form overthe course of 10 days. These crystals were filtered under suction,washed quickly with cold (5° C.) ethanol and then dried under highvacuum (40 mTor) at RT for 14 hrs to give the product (386 mg) as whitecrystals suitable for crystallography.

X-Ray Structure Determination

Low-temperature diffraction data (ω-scans) were collected on a RigakuMicroMax-007HF diffractometer coupled to a Saturn994+ CCD detector withCu Kα (λ=1.54178 Å) for the structure of 10e. The diffraction imageswere processed and scaled using the Rigaku CrystalClear software(CrystalClear and CrystalStructure; Rigaku/MSC: The Woodlands, Tex.,2005). The structure was solved with SHELXT and was refined against F²on all data by full-matrix least squares with SHELXL (Sheldrick, G. M.Acta Cryst. 2008, A64, 112-122). All non-hydrogen atoms were refinedanisotropically. Hydrogen atoms were included in the model atgeometrically calculated positions and refined using a riding model. Theisotropic displacement parameters of all hydrogen atoms were fixed to1.2 times the U value of the atoms to which they are linked (1.5 timesfor methyl groups). All hydrogen atoms associated with nitrogen atomswere found in the difference map. The N—H distances were restrained to0.92(2), as suggested by the difference map. The atomic displacementparameters were allowed to freely refine. The hydrogen atom associatedwith the ethanol was geometrically placed and restrained. All hydrogenatoms involved in hydrogen bonding were identified and their associateddonor/acceptor metrics were refined.

The structure of 10e obtained by X-ray diffraction is shown in FIG. 1 at50% thermal ellipsoid probability levels. This structure is consistentwith the line drawings for 10e shown in the text. Certain crystal dataand structure refinement for 10e are provided in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Crystal data and structure refinement for 10e. Empirical formulaC14 H26 B N3 O4.50 Formula weight 319.19 Temperature 93(2) K Wavelength1.54178 Å Crystal system Orthorhombic Space group P2₁2₁2₁ Unit celldimensions a = 9.7668(7) Å α = 90°. b = 11.6068(8) Å β = 90°. c =29.707(2) Å γ = 90°. Volume 3367.6(4) Å³ Z 8 Density (calculated) 1.259Mg/m³ Absorption coefficient 0.761 mm⁻¹ F(000) 1376 Crystal size 0.200 ×0.200 × 0.010 mm³ Theta range for data collection 4.089 to 66.565°.Index ranges −11 <= h <= 11, −13 <= k <= 13, −35 <= l <= 35 Reflectionscollected 111128 Independent reflections 5944 [R(int) = 0.1161]Completeness to theta = 66.565° 99.9% Absorption correctionSemi-empirical from equivalents Max. and min. transmission 1.000 and0.727 Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F²Data/restraints/parameters 5944/8/444 Goodness-of-fit on F² 1.171 FinalR indices [I > 2sigma(I)] R1 = 0.0642, wR2 = 0.1681 R indices (all data)R1 = 0.0739, wR2 = 0.1741 Absolute structure parameter −0.10(8) Largestdiff. peak and hole 0.330 and −0.227 e.Å⁻³

The conversion of compound 10 to compound 10e represents an equilibriumand the composition of the mixture depends on the solvent composition.The formation of 10e occurs upon treatment of compound 10 with anhydrousethanol. This transformation presumably proceeds though intermediates Band/or C as shown in Scheme 1. Compound 10e is the predominant speciesformed through treatment of 10 with absolute ethanol and removal ofwater through distillation or by re-slurrying the material with hotabsolute ethanol. Samples of 10 that have undergone less extensiveprocessing (in ethanol) to remove water contain mixtures of 10e andintermediates A, B, or C (Scheme 1).

The isolated ethanolate (compound 10e) rapidly hydrolyzes underphysiological conditions or any other aqueous conditions to the openfree boronic acid form, compound 10, which may exist in an equilibriumof open form A and closed form B. It should be understood in thesedepicted structures, the NH₂ moieties each exist in an equilibrium ofprotonated (salt) and unprotonated (free base) forms, and the depictionsabove are not intended to represent a fixed form for either of thesemoieties. The presence of other acids and/or bases in a solution willaffect these equilibria, as will be understood by those of skill in theart.

The rapid conversion of compound 10e to compound 10 in water wasconfirmed by the similarity of a spectrum of 10e in D₂O to a spectrum of10 in D₂O. When a sample of compound 10e was dissolved in D₂O and thespectra immediately recorded (elapsed time<5 minutes), the spectraobserved is identical to a spectra of compound 10 (the free boronicacid) plus ethanol (1:1 ratio). The spectrum of 10e in D₂O was the sameat 5 minutes and one hour after sample preparation, indicating thetransformation was rapid and complete after a few minutes.

FIG. 2 demonstrates the conversion of 10e to 10 in D₂O. The NMR spectra(D₂O) labeled A is compound 10 (free base) prepared from 11 as describedin Example 2. The NMR spectra (D₂O) labeled B is an analytical sample ofcompound 10e prepared as described above. The NMR spectra (D₂O) labeledC is the sample from spectra B that has been lyophilized and redissolvedin D₂O. The spectra in FIG. 2 demonstrate that the 10e undergoeshydrolysis in water and the spectra of 10e in D₂O is identical with 10except for the presence of the ethanol which is released uponhydrolysis.

Upon dissolution in 1:1 water/acetonitrile and immediate injection intoan HPLC system, only a single peak is observed. The mass of this peak isconsistent with compound 10. No mass is seen for intact compound 10e.

Compound 10 is hygroscopic, with a consistent uptake of water ashumidity is increased. The observed moisture uptake is over 70% at 90%relative humidity (RH). The sorption and desorption isotherms showminimal hysteresis for compound 10. Compound 10e is not notablyhygroscopic in conditions below 60% RH. The sorption isotherm suggeststhat compound 10e does absorb water up to 40 wt percent between 60 and90% RH. The isotherm also indicates significant hysteresis. Thishysteresis is consistent with the rapid hydrolysis of the ethanolateinto the corresponding boronic acid form that does have associated waterin the solid state when isolated from water-containing solutions.

Example 3: Alternative Synthesis of an Exemplary Arginase Inhibitor (3R,4S)-3-amino-1-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-4-(3-boronopropyl)-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate

trans-4-Allyl-3-azido-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylicacid (4, Racemic)

A solution of chloroform (26.86 mL, 333 mmol) and TMS-Cl (32.86 mL,257.1 mmol) in anhydrous THF (300 mL) was cooled to −78° C. Afterstirring for 10 min, LiHMDS (1M in THF, 249 mL, 249 mmol) was added at arate such that the temperature remained below −60° C. (approximately 30min). After stirring an additional 30 min at −60 to −70° C. (reactionmixture becomes cloudy) the solution was warmed to −20° C. (reactionmixture becomes clear) and treated withtert-butyl-3-allyl-4-oxopyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (3, 30 g, 133.2 mmol)in DMF (90 mL) and tetrabutylammonium acetate (3.69 g, 12.24 mmol) inDMF (90 mL) at a rate such that the internal reaction temperatureremained below −20° C. (reaction becomes cloudy). After the addition wascomplete, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature withstirring until the ketone starting material was consumed (by TLC), thenpoured into saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL).The combined organic layers were washed successively with saturatedaqueous NH₄Cl and saturated aqueous NaCl (2×80 mL), dried over MgSO₄,filtered and concentrated.

While under nitrogen, the crude TMS protected intermediate was dissolvedin dry THF (300 mL), cooled to 0° C. and carefully treated with aceticacid (7.5 mL, 130.9 mmol) and TBAF (1 M in THF, 133.2 mL, 133.2 mmol)dropwise. After the addition was complete, the reaction was stirred anadditional 10 min at 0° C. then poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ andextracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washedwith saturated aqueous NaCl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentratedto afford the crude alcohol intermediate.

The crude alcohol was dissolved in dioxane (200 mL), cooled to 0° C.,and treated with a pre-cooled (0° C.) solution of sodium azide (14.04 g,399.5 mmol) and NaOH (15.98 g, 399.5 mmol) in water (200 mL) dropwise.The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperaturewith stirring overnight then quenched with of saturated aqueous NH₄Cland was extracted with EtOAc (500 mL). The aqueous layer was separatedand extracted with EtOAc (2×300 mL). The combined organic layers werewashed with water and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried over MgSO₄, filteredand concentrated to give crudetrans-4-allyl-3-azido-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylicacid (4, crude 45 g) which was used without further purification. ¹H-NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ_(H): 5.80 (1H, m), 5.06 (2H, m), 4.05 (1H, dd,J=9.9, 4.9 Hz), 3.59 (2H, m), 3.22 (1H, dd, J=11.6, 4.4 Hz), 3.08 (1H,dd, J=11.0, 5.2 Hz), 2.24-2.04 (2H, m), 1.65 (1H, br s, OH) and 1.45(9H, s).

trans-3-Benzyl-1-(tert-butyl)-4-allyl-3-azidopyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylate

A solution of crudetrans-4-allyl-3-azido-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylicacid (4, 39.5 g, 133 mmol—calculated quantity assuming 100% yield fromprevious steps) and K₂CO₃ (92.04 g, 666 mmol) in acetonitrile (317 mL)was cooled to 0° C. and treated with benzyl bromide (17.52 mL, 146.5mmol). After stirring overnight at room temperature the solution wasconcentrated, dissolved in EtOAc (600 mL), washed with saturated aqueousNaCl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. Purification viasilica gel chromatography (10 to 30% EtOAc in hexane) gavetrans-3-benzyl-1-(tert-butyl)-4-allyl-3-azidopyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylateas yellow liquid (5, 40 g, 78% yield).

The product was separated into its enantiomers using a ChiralTechnologies Chiralpak ADH column with isopropyl alcohol and hexanes(2:98) as an eluent. Analysis of the separated enantiomers using ananalytical Chiralpak ADH column (4.6×250 mm) with the same eluent and aflow rate of 1.0 mL/min and UV detection (210 nm) gave the desiredenantiomer (3-benzyl-1-(tert-butyl)(3R,4S)-4-allyl-3-azidopyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylate, 5a) with aretention time of 13.5 min and the undesired enantiomer(3-benzyl-1-(tert-butyl)(3S,4R)-4-allyl-3-azidopyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylate, 5b) at 10.3 min,each with an enantiomeric excess of approximately 98%. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃,400 MHz): δ_(H): 7.37 (5H, s), 5.62 (1H, m), 5.25 (2H, m), 5.00 (2H, m),3.88 (1H, dd, J=37.2, 12.0 Hz), 3.58 (1H, ddd, J=37.2, 11.0, 7.0 Hz),3.42 (1H, dd, J=21.4, 12.0 Hz), 3.28 (1H, ddd, J=28.3, 11.0, 5.4 Hz),2.41 (1H, m), 2.11 (1H, m), 1.80 (1H, m) and 1.44 (9H, s).

(3R,4S)-3-Benzyl 1-tert-butyl3-azido-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylate(6)

A stirred solution of 3-benzyl-1-(tert-butyl)(3R,4S)-4-allyl-3-azidopyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylate (5a, 16.4 g, 42.4mmol) in anhydrous methylene chloride (130 mL), under an atmosphere ofnitrogen, was treated with bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I)dichloride (0.75 g, 1.12 mmol) and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane(0.894 g, 2.24 mmol) and the reaction was stirred for 30 minutes at roomtemperature and then cooled to −25° C.4,4,5,5-tetramethyl[1,3,2]dioxaborolane (9.83 mL, 67.75 mmol) was addeddropwise and then the reaction was allowed to slowly warm to roomtemperature and stirred for 20 hrs. Water (60 mL) was added and thereaction was stirred for 10 minutes, and then the methylene chloride wasremoved under reduced pressure. The remaining aqueous phase wasextracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phase waswashed with brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. The residual solid was passed through a short padof silica gel, eluting with 15% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexane, to give(3R,4S)-3-benzyl 1-tert-butyl3-azido-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylate(6, 12.5 g, 57%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ_(H): 7.35 (5H, m), 5.23(2H, m), 3.85 (1H, dd, J=39.3, 11.8 Hz), 3.60 (1H, m), 3.37 (1H, dd,J=24.3, 11.8 Hz), 3.25 (1H, ddd, J=40, 10.6, 6.6 Hz), 2.33 (1H, m), 1.43(9H, s), 1.39-1.26 (3H, m), 1.21 (12H, s), 1.07 (1H, m) and 0.68 (2H,m).

(3R,4S)-3-Benzyl-3-azido-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate,trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (7)

A solution of (3R,4S)-3-benzyl 1-tert-butyl3-azido-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylate(6, 10.2 g, 19.8 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous methylene chloride(160 mL), cooled to 0° C. and treated with trifluoroacetic acid (40 mL).The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm, stirred at roomtemperature for 4 hr and then concentrated under reduced pressure togive a viscous oil. The resultant oil was azeotroped with dry toluene(3×100 mL) to remove residual trifluoroacetic acid and then dried underhigh vacuum to give(3R,4S)-3-benzyl-3-azido-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate,trifluoroacetic acid salt (7) as a very viscous oil (10.56 g), whichslowly turns to a glass. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ_(H): 9.7 (1H, br m(exch), NH), 7.55 (1H, br s (exch), NH), 7.38 (5H, m), 5.31 (1H, d,J=11.7 Hz), 5.26 (1H, d, J=11.7 Hz), 3.77 (1H, d, J=12.5 Hz), 3.65 (1H,dd, J=11.8, 7.8 Hz), 3.32 (1H, d, J=12.4 Hz), 3.18 (1H, m), 2.54 (1H,m), 1.45-1.26 (3H, m), 1.22 (12H, s), 1.02 (1H, m) and 0.63 (2H, t,J=7.4 Hz).

(3R,4S)-benzyl-3-azido-1-((S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoyl)-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate(8)

A solution of the TFA salt of (3R,4S)-benzyl-3-azido-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate(7) (31.43 g, 59.48 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (400 mL) wasstirred at room temperature under an atmosphere of dry nitrogen.Triethylamine (33.1 mL, 237.9 mmol), DMAP (200 mg, 1.64 mmol) and HOBt(200 mg, 1.49 mmol) were added and then the reaction mixture was cooledto 0° C. Boc-L-Alanine (16.88 g, 89.22 mmol) was added as a solid in oneportion, and then EDCI (17.1 g, 89.22 mmol) was added in 3 portions at0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour and thenallowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight at thistemperature.

The reaction mixture was poured into 300 mL saturated ammonium chloridesolution, separated and then the aqueous phase was extracted (3×100 mL)with dichloromethane. The combined organic phase was washed with water(200 mL), brine (2×200 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo to give a pale yellow oil. The reaction waspurified on silica gel, eluting with a gradient of ethyl acetate(20-50%) in hexane, to afford the title compound (8) as a colorless oil(30.10 g, 51.41 mmol, 86%) as a mixture of rotamers. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ: 7.30 (5H, s), 5.35 (1H, dd, J=13.5, 8 Hz, NH), 5.25 (2H, m),4.35 (1H, m), 4.12-3.30 (4H, m), 2.42 (1H, m), 1.45 (9H, s), 1.37-1.18(18H, including (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz) and 1.22 (12H, s)), 1.07 (1H, m) and0.68 (2H, m). LCMS (ESI+ve): C₂₉H₄₄BN₅O₇ m/z calculated 585.33, found586.5 (WO, 530.5 (MH⁺-iBu), 486.5 (MH⁺-Boc).

(3R,4S)-benzyl-1-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-3-azido-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate,TFA Salt (9)

A solution of (3R,4S)-benzyl-3-azido-1-((S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoyl)-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate(8) (30.04 g, 51.31 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (250 mL) wascooled to 0° C. and then a solution of TFA (50 mL) in dichloromethane(50 mL) was added drop wise over 10 minutes. The solution was allowed towarm to room temperature and then stirred at this temperature for 3hours, until TLC showed complete consumption of the starting material.The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give a pale yellowoil. This oil was dissolved in toluene (100 mL) and concentrated. Theazeotropic procedure was repeated three times, to give the product, asthe TFA salt, (30.85 g) as a pale yellow oil. (400 MHz, D4-MeOH) δ: 7.39(4H, m), 7.15 (1H, m), 5.29 (2H, dd, J=14, 12 Hz), 4.25-3.20 (5H, m),2.51 (1H, m), 1.50-1.25 (6H, including 1.47 (1.5H, d, J=7.0 Hz) and 1.31(1.5H, d, J=6.9 Hz (alanine rotamers))), 1.20 (12H, s)), 1.07 (1H, m)and 0.65 (2H, m). LCMS (ESI+ve): C₂₄H₃₆BN₅O₅ m/z calculated 485.3, found486.2 (MH⁺).

(3-((3S,4R)-1-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-4-azido-4-((benxyloxy)carbonyl)pyrrolodin-3-yl)propyl)boronicacid, hydrochloride Salt (11 HCl)

The TFA salt of (3R,4S)-benzyl-1-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-3-azido-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate(9) (30.76 g, 51.31 mmol), was dissolved in a biphasic mixture ofmethanol (200 mL) and hexane (400 mL). Isobutylboronic acid (18.31 g,179.6 mmol) and then 2N Hydrochloric acid (50.85 mL, 101.7 mmol) wasadded. The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperaturefor 16 hours. The methanol phase was separated and washed with hexane(5×100 mL) and then concentrated in vacuo to give the boronic acid (11HCl), as the hydrochloride salt, as an off-white foam. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz,D₂O) δ: 7.48-7.42 (5H, m), 5.31 (2H, m), 4.22 (1H, dd, J=13, 6.5 Hz),3.95-3.10 (4H, m), 2.71-2.51 (1H, m), 1.40-1.25 (3H, m), 1.25-0.98 (4H,m including 1.20 (1.5H, d, J=6.9 Hz) and 1.07 (1.5H, d, J=6.9 Hz(alanine rotamers))) and 0.69 (2H, m). LCMS (ESI+ve): C₁₈H₂₆BN₅O₅ m/zcalculated 403.2, found 404.2 (MH⁺).

(3-((3S,4R)-1-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-4-azido-4-((benxyloxy)carbonyl)pyrrolodin-3-yl)propyl)boronicAcid (11)

The hydrochloride salt of (3-((3S,4R)-1-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-4-azido-4-((benxyloxy)carbonyl)pyrrolodin-3-yl)propyl)boronicacid (11 HCl), from the previous step, was dissolved in 30 mL water andthen the pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 9 by the careful additionof solid potassium carbonate. The resultant solution was saturated withthe addition of solid sodium chloride and then was extracted withdichloromethane (5×100 mL). The combined dichloromethane phase was driedover magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give theproduct 11, as its free base, as a white foamy solid (19.4 g, 48.11mmol, 94%). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, D4-MeOH) δ: 7.44-7.36 (5H, m), 5.31 (1H, d,J=1.8 Hz), 5.27 (1H, d, J=1.8 Hz) 4.05 (1H, dd, J=12, 5 Hz), 3.80 (1H,m), 3.69-3.55 (2H, m), 3.45-3.30 (1H, m), 2.51 (1H, m), 1.40-1.05 (7H,m, including 1.22 (1.5H, d, J=6.8 Hz) and 1.07 (1.5H, d, J=6.8 Hz(alanine rotamers))) and 0.63 (2H, m). LCMS (ESI+ve): C₁₈H₂₆BN₅O₅ m/zcalculated 403.2, found 404.7 (MH⁺).

(3R,4S)-3-amino-1-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-4-(3-boronopropyl)-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate(10)

The azido benzyl ester,(3-((3S,4R)-1-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-4-azido-4-((benxyloxy)carbonyl)pyrrolodin-3-yl)propyl)boronicacid 11 (9.70 g, 24.06 mmol) was suspended in a mixture of water (300mL) and ethyl acetate (30 mL) and stirred vigorously. 10% Palladium oncharcoal (2.6 g, 0.1 eq) was added and then the stirred mixture wasevacuated under mild vacuum, and flushed with hydrogen. Theevacuation/flushing procedure was repeated 3× to remove air and exchangeit with hydrogen and then the reaction was stirred vigorously overnightat room temperature under a hydrogen balloon, at which time, LCMSanalysis of a filtered aliquot showed the complete reduction of theazide and benzyl ester groups. The reaction mixture was put under vacuumto remove hydrogen and then flushed with nitrogen, filtered through apad of celite (with 3 water washes) and then the solution wasconcentrated to approx 50 mL in vacuo. The resultant aqueous solutionwas filtered through a 4 micron filter (to remove trace Pd) and thenconcentrated in vacuo to give the title compound 10 as a white powder(6.45 g, 93%). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ: 4.12 (1H, m), 4.05 (1H, m), 3.92(1H, m), 3.60-3.22 (2H, m), 2.47-2.18 (1H, m), 1.58-1.31 (6H, mincluding 1.46 (3H, d, J=6.9 Hz)), 1.24-1.19 (1H, m) and 0.79 (2H, m).LCMS (ESI+ve): C₁₁H₂₀BN₃O₅ m/z calculated 287.2, found 269.9 (MH⁺—H₂O),251.9 (MH⁺-2H₂O) and (ESI−ve): C₁₁H₂₀BN₃O₅ m/z calculated 287.2, found267.7 (M-H—H₂O).

Conversion of 10 to ethanolate 10e is as described in Example 1, above.

(3R,4S)-3-amino-1-((S)-2-aminoacetyl)-4-(3-boronopropyl)-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate(12) and(6aS,9aR)-8-(2-aminoacetyl)-9a-amino-3-ethoxyoctahydro-[1,2]oxaborocino[6,7-c]pyrrol-1(3H)-one12e

Compound 12 was prepared as described for 10 in Example 2, using Bocglycine as the coupling partner with 7. Compound 12 (1.0 g, 3.7 mmol)was suspended in sufficient anhydrous ethanol (˜40 mL) to fully dissolvethe material at 80° C. This solution was heated at 80° C. for 2 hrsunder an atmosphere of dry nitrogen. The reflux condenser was changed toa small still head and the reaction was distilled (at atmosphericpressure, with an attached DRIERITE® drying tube to exclude moisture)until the hot solution had started to become cloudy (approximately 20 mLof ethanol had been collected during the distillation). Anhydrousethanol (20 mL) was added and then the reaction was heated to 80° C. andstirred at 80° C. for a further 4 hrs. The distillation process wasrepeated until the solution became cloudy (˜20 mL distillate collected).This was repeated once more and the suspension was allowed to cool toRT. The solid was filtered and quickly suction dried, and then furtherdried under high vacuum (38 mTor) at RT for 2 hrs to give the product asan off-white powder (986 mg) as a 2:1 mix of rotamers. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz,d6-DMSO (2:1 rotamer population)) δ: 6.73-7.31 (4H, exch), 3.84 (1H, m),3.57-3.71 (3H, m), 3.48-3.21 (3H, m), 3.05 (0.67 H, dd, J=11.8, 9.7 Hz),2.88 (0.33H, t, J=11.5 Hz), 2.48-2.35 (1H, m), 1.67-1.83 (2H, m),1.52-1.41 (1H, m), 1.09-1.03 (3H, m), 0.97 (1H, m), 0.67 (1H, dd,J=14.9, 5.6 Hz, BCHH) and 0.42 (1H, m, BCHH). ¹¹B-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ:7.78 ppm. FTIR (powder diffraction) (cm⁻¹): 2912 (w), 1720 (s), 1645(s), 1463 (s), 1269 (s), 1102 (s), 1063 (m), 1037 (m), 660 (s) and 573(s).

Example 4: Exemplary Cyclic Alcoholates

The following compounds were prepared as in Example 1 (i.e., theconversion of 10 to 10e) by heating with the corresponding anhydrousalcohol under conditions that removed water, such as azeotropicdistillation:

Example 5: Synthesis of Select Compounds of the Disclosure 6aS,9aR)-9a-amino-8-((S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoyl)-3-ethoxyoctahydro-[1,2]oxaboro-cino{6,7-c}pyrrol-1{3H}one(R₁═CH₂OH, R₂=Et)

(6aS,9aR)-9a-Amino-8-((S)-2-amino-hydroxypropanoyl)-3-ethoxyoctahydro-[1,2]oxaborocino{6,7-c}pyrrol-1{3H}one(R₁═CH₂OH, R₂=Et) was prepared according to the general procedure usingthe serinamide (3R,4S)-3-amino-1-((S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoyl)-4-(3-boronopropyl)-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylateas the starting material and ethanol as the alcohol solvent, and wasisolated as a pale yellow powder, ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO (3:2 rotamerpopulation)) δ: 6.86-6.97 (2H, exch), 3.84 (2H, m), 3.60-3.68 (1H, m),3.48-3.35 (4H, m), 3.22 (1H, m), 3.11 (0.6H, dd, J=11.2, 10.4 Hz) and2.80 (0.4H, t, J=11.6 Hz), 2.36 (0.6H, m) and 2.31 (0.4H, m), 1.83-1.65(2H, m), 1.48-1.36 (1H, m), 1.08-1.03 (3H, m, CH3CH2O), 0.96 (1H, m),0.64 (1H, dd, J=14.0, 4.5 Hz, BCHH) and 0.41 (1H, m, BCHH). ¹¹B-NMR (400MHz, DMSO) δ: 7.62 ppm. FTIR (powder diffraction) (cm⁻¹): 1627 (s), 1459(m), 1365(m), 1063 (s), 589 (m).

(6aS,9aR)-9a-amino-8-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-3-isopropoxyoctahydro-[1,2]oxaborocino{6,7-c}pyrrol-1{3H}one(R₁=Me, R₂=i-Pr)

(6aS,9aR)-9a-Amino-8-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-3-isopropoxyoctahydro-[1,2]oxaborocino{6,7-c}pyrrol-1{3H}one(R₁=Me, R₂=Et) was prepared according to the general procedure using thealaninamide (3R,4S)-3-amino-1-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-4-(3-boronopropyl)-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylateas the starting material and 2-propanol as the alcohol solvent, and wasisolated as a pale yellow powder, ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO (3:2 rotamerpopulation)) δ: 6.64-6.87 (2H, exch), 3.73-3.81 (1H, m), 3.56-3.66 (1H,m), 3.37-3.49 (2H, m), 3.16 (1H, d, J=12.9 Hz), 3.10 (0.6H, dd, J=10.8,9.6 Hz) and 2.78 (0.4H, t, J=11.6 Hz), 2.43 (0.6H, m) and 2.31 (0.4H,m), 1.69 (2H, m), 1.40 (1H, m), 1.07 (3H, d, J=6.9 Hz, CH3CHO), 1.02(3H, m), 1.00 (3H, d, J=6.1 Hz, CH3CHO), 0.95 (1H, m), 0.55 (1H, dd,J=14.7, 5.6 Hz, BCHH) and 0.38 (1H, m, BCHH). ¹¹B-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ:8.24 ppm. FTIR (powder diffraction) (cm⁻¹): 1723 (s), 1618 (s), 1459(s), 1269 (s), 1129 (s), 1074 (m), 653 (m) and 579 (m).

(6aS,9aR)-9a-amino-8-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-3-propoxyoctahydro-[1,2]oxaborocino{6,7-c}pyrrol-1{3H}one(R₁=Me, R₂=n-Pr)

(6aS,9aR)-9a-Amino-8-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-3-propoxyoctahydro-[1,2]oxaborocino{6,7-c}pyrrol-1{3H}one(R₁=Me, R₂=n-Pr) was prepared according to the general procedure usingthe alaninamide (3R,4S)-3-amino-1-((S)-2-aminopropanoyl)-4-(3-boronopropyl)-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylateas the starting material and 1-propanol as the alcohol solvent, and wasisolated as a pale yellow powder, ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO (3:2 rotamerpopulation)) δ: 6.85-6.92 (2H, exch), 3.81 (1H, dd, J=11.5, 6.3 Hz),3.67 (0.6H, dd, J=9.6, 6.3 Hz) and 3.61 (0.4H, dd, J=11.3, 7.8 Hz), 3.51(1H, m), 3.42-3.32 (2H, m) 3.20 (1H, d, J=12.6 Hz), 3.12 (0.6H, dd,J=11.7, 9.8 Hz) and 2.79 (0.4H, t, J=11.6 Hz), 2.40 (0.6H, m) and 2.31(0.4H, m), 1.82-1.69 (2H, m), 1.48-1.36 (3H, m), 1.08 (3H, m, CH3CHN),0.96 (1H, m), 0.85-0.80 (3H, m), 0.63 (1H, dd, J=14.6, 5.4 Hz, BCHH) and0.41 (1H, m, BCHH).

Example 6: Oral Bioavailability Studies and Enzyme Potency

Compound dosing solutions were prepared at 2.5 and 5 mg/mL in water.Female C57BL/6 mice (16-20 g) from Charles River Laboratories(Hollister, Calif.) were housed in cages for at least 3 days prior todosing. PicoLab 5053 irradiated rodent diet was provided ad libitumthroughout the study. Compounds were administered once to theappropriate animals by oral gavage at either 25 or 50 mg/kg (10 mL/kg).Blood samples were collected (3 animals per time point) at 30 min and 1,2, 4, 8 hr post-dose for the 25 mg/kg studies, and at 1 hour for the 50mg/kg studies. The blood samples were maintained on wet ice and thencentrifuged for 10 min in a refrigerated centrifuge. The resultantplasma was separated, transferred to labeled polypropylene tubes andstored frozen in a freezer set to maintain under −70° C. until analysis.

The plasma samples were analyzed by an LC-MS system. 50 μL of a plasmasample was mixed with 100 μL of acetonitrile/water (80:20) with 0.1% TFAcontaining 100 ng/mL of an internal standard. The mixture was vortexedand centrifuged. 30 μL of the supernatant was transferred to a 96-wellplate containing 90 μL of water with 0.1% formic acid. 20 μL of theresulting solution was injected into a SCIEX QTRAP4000 LC/MS/MS equippedwith an electrospray ionization source for quantification.

Oral PK parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis of theconcentration-time data using Phoenix WinNonLin 6.3 software (Pharsight,Mountain View, Calif.). Area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)was estimated using a linear-up and log-down trapezoidal method,calculated from the dosing time to the last measurable concentration.

Inhibition of human arginase-1 was determined using the assay describedin the publication Van Zandt et al., J Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 2586-2580,with the following modifications: human recombinant Arginase I waspurchased from Enzo Life Sciences and assayed at a final concentrationof 80 ng/mL in a total reaction volume of 25 μl. The reaction buffer wasPhosphate Buffered Saline supplemented with 0.01% Tx-100, 0.5 mM DTT,0.1 mM CaCl₂, and 0.49 mM MgCl₂. After diluted inhibitor compounds wereadded, reactions were initiated by adding L-arginine substrate to afinal concentration of 20 mM followed by incubation at 37° C. for 30minutes. Reactions were quenched and urea production was measured byaddition of 150 μl urea developer solution from BioAssay Systems.

AUC and arginase-linhibition IC₅₀ values for exemplary compounds areshown below:

As compared to the proline, trifluoromethyl phenylalanine, andN-methylphenylalanine-derived compounds, the oral exposure for thealanine, valine, and serine derivatives are more favorable.

Example 7: Pharmacokinetic Studies

The pharmacokinetics of the compounds of the disclosure were studiedafter administration of a single dose (50 mg/kg) at a single time point(1 hour) in mice. Plasma concentrations were determined as described inExample 4. Results for exemplary compounds are shown below. Arginase-1IC₅₀ are provided for selected compounds. For these cases, the activeisomer was prepared, and used to determine the IC₅₀.

Example 8: Single-Agent Anti-Tumor Activity of Compound 10

Lewis Lung Carcinoma Efficacy Study

Female C57.Bl/6 mice (n=40) were implanted subcutaneously with 1×10⁶Lewis Lung Carcinoma cells suspended in PBS. The day followingimplantation, mice were randomized into 4 groups of n=10 mice to receivethe following treatments dosed orally twice daily until study end: 1)Vehicle (water); 2) Compound 10 at 50 mg/kg formulated in water; 3)Compound 10 at 100 mg/kg formulated in water; or 4) Compound 10 at 200mg/kg formulated in water. Tumors were measured three times per weekwith digital calipers and tumor volumes calculated with the followingformula: tumor volume (mm³)=(a×b²/2) where ‘b’ is the smallest diameterand ‘a’ is the largest perpendicular diameter. ***P-value<0.001,****P-value<0.0001 (Two-sided T-test). Results are shown in FIG. 3.

Madison109 Efficacy Study

Female balb/c mice (n=20) were implanted subcutaneously with 5×10⁴Madison109 murine lung carcinoma cells suspended in PBS. The dayfollowing implantation, mice were randomized into 2 groups of n=10 miceto receive the following treatments dosed orally twice daily until studyend: 1) Vehicle (water); or 2) Compound 10 at 100 mg/kg formulated inwater. Tumors were measured three times per week with digital calipersand tumor volumes calculated with the following formula: tumor volume(mm³)=(a×b²/2) where ‘b’ is the smallest diameter and ‘a’ is the largestperpendicular diameter. *P-value<0.05 (Two-sided T-test). Results areshown in FIG. 4.

B16 Efficacy Study

Female C57.Bl/6 mice (n=20) were implanted subcutaneously with 2×10⁶B16F10 murine melanoma cells suspended in PBS. The day followingimplantation, mice were randomized into 2 groups of n=10 mice to receivethe following treatments dosed orally twice daily until study end: 1)Vehicle (water); or 2) Compound 10 at 100 mg/kg formulated in water.Tumors were measured three times per week with digital calipers andtumor volumes calculated with the following formula: tumor volume(mm³)=(a×b²/2) where ‘b’ is the smallest diameter and ‘a’ is the largestperpendicular diameter. ***P-value<0.001 (Two-sided T-test). Results areshown in FIG. 5.

Example 9: 4T1 Combination Therapy Studies

Female balb/c mice (n=40) were implanted in the mammary fat pad with1×10⁵ 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells suspended in PBS. The dayfollowing implantation, mice were randomized into 4 groups of n=10 miceeach to receive the following treatments: 1) Vehicle (water) dosedorally twice daily until study end; 2) Compound 10 at 100 mg/kgformulated in water dosed orally twice daily until study end; 3) Thecombination of anti-PD-1 (clone RMPI-14) dosed IP at 5 mg/kg on days 3,6, and 9 post-implant plus anti-CTLA-4 (clone 9H10) dosed IP at 5 mg/kgon days 2, 5, and 8 post-dose; or 4) the triple combination of compound10 plus anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA-4 at their respective regimens. Tumorswere measured three times per week with digital calipers and tumorvolumes calculated with the following formula: tumor volume(mm³)=(a×b²/2) where ‘b’ is the smallest diameter and ‘a’ is the largestperpendicular diameter. ***P-value<0.001 (Two-sided T-test). On day 25,mice were sacrificed and lungs perfused with India Ink (25% in PBS) thenharvested and fixed in 100% ethanol: 10% neutral buffered formalin:acetic acid mixture at 10:1:0.5 ratio. The number of lung metastases wascounted manually in a blinded manner. Results are shown in FIG. 6.

Example 10: Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Study on Compound 10e

In the TGA study, a weighted amount of compound 10e was treated withincreasing amounts of water vapor (increased humidity) and the impact ofhumidity on the weight of the sample was evaluated. FIG. 7 shows theadsorption isotherm (top line) and desorption isotherm (bottom line) forcompound 10e. As shown in FIG. 7, a TGA plot of compound 10e shows thatthe compound resists water uptake up to about 60% relative humidity. Thelow moisture uptake of compound 10e significantly facilitatesmanufacturing of the compound and preparation of pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising the compound.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications and patents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patentwas specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated byreference. In case of conflict, the present application, including anydefinitions herein, will control. Particular applications that areincorporated by reference include U.S. provisional application Nos.62/438,092 and 62/439,614 from which the present application claimsbenefit and priority.

EQUIVALENTS

While specific embodiments of the subject disclosure have beendiscussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive.Many variations of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilledin the art upon review of this specification and the claims below. Thefull scope of the disclosure should be determined by reference to theclaims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and thespecification, along with such variations.

We claim:
 1. A compound having a structure of formula (I*):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: R¹ is methyl;and R⁴ is H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, having astructure of the following formula:


3. The compound of claim 1, having a structure of the following formula:


4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁴ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 5. The compoundof claim 4, wherein R⁴ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl.
 6. Acompound having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 7. A compound having thefollowing structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 8. A solid pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.
 9. The compound of claim 6, having the followingstructure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 10. The compound of claim6, having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 11. The compound of claim7, having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. The compound of claim7, having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 13. The compound of claim1, wherein R⁴ is H.
 14. The compound of claim 2, wherein R⁴ is H. 15.The compound of claim 2, wherein R⁴ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 16. The compound ofclaim 15, wherein R⁴ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl.
 17. Thecompound of claim 3, wherein R⁴ is H.
 18. The compound of claim 3,wherein R⁴ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 19. The compound of claim 18, wherein R⁴ ismethyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl.
 20. A solid pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of claim 3 and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.
 21. A solid pharmaceutical composition comprising acompound of claim 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 22. Asolid pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 3 and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 23. A solid pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of claim 7 and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.
 24. A solid pharmaceutical composition comprising acompound of claim 10 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 25. Asolid pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 12 and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 26. A solid pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of claim 18 and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.